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History on the 23rd of January

History
Date Text
23 Jan 1656 RELIGIOUS French scientist Blaise Pascal, 33, published the first of his 18 "Provincial Lettres," the majority of which attacked the Jesuit theories of grace and moral theology.
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23 Jan 1755 RELIGIOUS Under the influence of the Methodist movement, English clergyman John Fletcher, 26, was converted to a living faith. He remained in the Anglican church but afterward became a chief defender of evangelical Arminianism.
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23 Jan 1789 RELIGIOUS Georgetown College was founded by Father John Carroll, 54, in Washington, D.C.
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23 Jan 1918 WW2 The Cossacks formed a Military Revolutionary Committee and deposed Russian General Alexei Kaledin. 
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23 Jan 1919 WW2 USS Arizona arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, United States. 
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23 Jan 1920 WW2 The Americans commenced their withdrawal from Siberia, Russia; turning over their Cossack prisoners to the Czechs, but the latter were forced to release them under the threat of action by the Japanese. 
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23 Jan 1929 WW2 Starting on this date and lasting through 27 Jan 1929, the US Navy aircraft carriers USS Lexington and USS Saratoga participated in their first exercise. Sailing with the opposing forces of Fleet Problem IX, Saratoga was detached on a southerly sweep against the Panama Canal, where she arrived undetected, and launched 69 aircraft on a mock dawn raid. 
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23 Jan 1935 RELIGIOUS British biblical expositor Arthur W. Pink wrote in a letter: 'Growth in grace is like the growth of a cow's tail
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23 Jan 1937 WW2 Heinrich Himmler disclosed that about 8,000 prisoners were in concentration camps across Germany for protective custody. 
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23 Jan 1938 WW2 The A-20 Havoc/DB-7 aircraft took its first flight. 
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23 Jan 1940 WW2 German submarine U-19 discovered a group of 20 unescorted steamers off Northumberland. With one torpedo each, she sank Norwegian ship Pluto at 0843 hours and British ship Baltanglia at 0855 hours. 
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23 Jan 1940 WW2 Finnish 9th Division arrived at the village of Kuhmo to prepare for a planned attack on the Soviet 54th Division. 
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23 Jan 1940 WW2 British carrier HMS Illustrious left Malta for Alexandria, Egypt. 
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23 Jan 1940 WW2 Britain lowered the road speed limit to 20 miles per hour at night time in populated area in response to the sharp rise in night time automobile accidents due to the blackout. 
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23 Jan 1940 WW2 Britain was gripped in the coldest winter since 1894; Southampton docks and parts of the river Thames were frozen over. 
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23 Jan 1941 WW2 Charles Lindbergh testified before the US Congress, recommending that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Germany. 
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23 Jan 1941 WW2 Allied troops captured Tobruk, Libya, but fighting would continue at outposts outside the city for another day. In the harbor, British minesweeping trawlers HMT Arthur Cavanagh and HMT Milford Countess began clearing sunken Italian ships. 
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23 Jan 1941 WW2 USS Arizona became the flagship of Battleship Division 1's Rear Admiral Isaac Kidd. 
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23 Jan 1941 WW2 German Fw 200 aircraft bombed British ship Lurigethan 200 miles west of Ireland; 16 were killed in fires while 35 were taken off. 
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23 Jan 1941 WW2 British aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious, damaged by Stuka dive bombers on 10 Jan, completed temporary repairs and departed Malta for Alexandria, Egypt with destroyers HMS Jervis, HMS Juno, HMS Janus, and HMS Greyhound in escort. 
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23 Jan 1941 WW2 German pocket battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were spotted in the Great Belt between mainland Denmark and the island of Zealand by a British agent who alerted the Admiralty in London, England, United Kingdom. 
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23 Jan 1941 WW2 Destroyer USS Edsall attacked a submarine contact in the Vernon Islands 30 miles northwest of Darwin, Australia; Edsall suffered damage from one of her own depth charges in this attack. 
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23 Jan 1941 WW2 Commander Vittorio Moccagatta was made the head of the Special Weapons Section of 1a Flottiglia MAS at La Spezia, Italy. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 American oiler USS Neches was torpedoed and sunk by Japanese submarine I-72 70 miles southwest of the Hawaiian Islands at 0319 hours, killing 57. Without this source of fuel, USS Lexington and her task force cancelled the Wake Island raid. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 In Yugoslavia, Hungarian troops massacred 2,462 Serbs and 700 Jews over six days in retaliation for partisan activity. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 German submarine U-66 sank US collier Venore 5 kilometers off North Carolina, United States, killing 17 of 41 aboard. At 0812 hours, U-109 sank British ship Thirlby 20 miles off Nova Scotia, Canada; 5 were killed, 41 survived. At 1340 hours, U-82 sank Norwegian tanker Leiesten 400 miles east of Newfoundland; 6 were killed, 29 survived. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 Destroyer Yuzuki departed with Destroyer Division 23 to escort the invasion fleet for Kavieng, New Ireland, Bismarck Islands. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 The Japanese commenced a determined effort to establish air superiority over Rangoon, Burma. By 29 Jan seventeen Japanese aircraft had been shot down for the loss of two American Volunteer Group and ten Royal Air Force machines, forcing the Japanese temporarily to concede. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 US Marine Corps 7th Defense Battalion at American Samoa was reinforced by the 2nd Marine Brigade, which was consisted of the 8th Marine Regiment, 10th Marine Regiment, and 2nd Defense Battalion. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 George Marshall told Joseph Stilwell that Stilwell was definitely going to be sent to China. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 Soviet 3rd Shock Army surrounded 5,500 German troops at Kholm, Russia. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 A British Albacore torpedo bomber attacked Italian convoy T18 in the Gulf of Sirte north of Libya, sinking transport Victoria; 391 were killed, 1,064 survived. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 Japanese bombers attacked Palembang, Sumatra, Dutch East Indies for the first time. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 The Roberts Commission found Husband Kimmel guilty of dereliction of duty for the Pearl Harbor disaster. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 The Roberts Commission found Walter Short guilty of dereliction of duty for the Pearl Harbor disaster. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 In the evening in Australia, Deputy Prime Minister Francis Forde announced that the government had learned of a Japanese landing at Bougainville in the Solomon Islands, but there were no words on whether Rabaul had been invaded. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 At 0230 hours, Japanese troops began landing on New Britain on three beachheads, two of which were defended, but in general the Japanese had little difficult overcoming the defenses. Carrier aircraft from Akagi and Kaga supported the invasion after dawn, enjoying air superiority thus losing only one pilot (Flight Petty Officer 2nd Class Isao Hiraishi) all day. As the troops entered and captured Rabaul, New Britain, Bismarck Islands, as reported by Tolai natives later, Japanese troops mutilated corpses of Australian troops with axes and bayonets. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 Tenryu covered transport ships as the transports disembarked troops of No. 2 Maizuru Special Naval Landing Force at Kavieng, New Ireland. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 Australian Catalina aircraft were launched from Port Moresby, British Territory of Papua to attack Rabaul, New Britain on the very first night of Japanese occupation; severe weather in the Solomon Sea forced the aircraft to abandon the mission, however. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 In the Solomon Islands, the Japanese landed at Kieta, Bougainville. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 As the Japanese convoy carrying the Sakaguchi Detachment approached Balikpapan, Dutch Borneo, it was attacked by Dutch forces; Dutch submarine K-18 sank Japanese transport Tsuruga Maru, while nine Dutch B-10 bombers, and 20 Dutch Buffalo fighters sank Japanese transport Nana Maru and damaged Tatsugami Maru. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 Japanese Sasebo Combined Special Naval Landing Force set sail from Menado, Celebes, Dutch East Indies for Kendari on the southeastern tip of the island. 
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23 Jan 1942 WW2 Naka protected transports during the invasion of Balikpapan, Dutch Borneo. 
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23 Jan 1943 WW2 The British Eighth Army captured Tripoli, Libya. 
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23 Jan 1943 WW2 Soviet troops captured Armavir, Russia. 
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23 Jan 1943 WW2 The US Army 25th Division captured the high ground south of Kokumbona, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. 
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23 Jan 1943 WW2 The US freighter City of Flint (the same vessel that had been involved in a major diplomatic incident in Oct 1939) was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by the German submarine U-575. 
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23 Jan 1943 WW2 After sundown and into the following day, American cruisers and destroyers bombarded Kolombangara, New Georgia, Solomon Islands. 
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23 Jan 1943 WW2 Destroyer Yukikaze arrived at Truk, Caroline Islands. 
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23 Jan 1943 WW2 Tatsuta Maru departed Nagasaki, Japan and arrived at Sasebo, Japan later on the same day. 
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23 Jan 1943 WW2 Irako sailed south from off Mizunoko Lighthouse, Oita, Japan with torpedo boat Hato and submarine chaser CH-39 in escort. 
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23 Jan 1943 WW2 The German-controlled Gumrak Airfield on the western side of Stalingrad, Russia was taken by Soviet troops. 
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23 Jan 1943 RELIGIOUS The New Tribes Mission was incorporated in Los Angeles by founder Paul W. Fleming. NTM works today primarily in missionary aviation, Bible translation, church planting and the production and distribution of Christian literature.
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23 Jan 1944 WW2 The destroyer HMS Janus was lost off Anzio, Italy. 
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23 Jan 1944 WW2 USS Gar continued to attack a Japanese convoy off Palau Islands which had been attacked three hours prior on the previous date, sinking the already-damaged cargo ship Taian Maru with one of two torpedoes fired. 
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23 Jan 1944 WW2 USS Snook sank Japanese converted gunboat Magane Maru off the Bonin Islands, hitting with 2 of 6 torpedoes fired. 
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23 Jan 1944 WW2 Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein was awarded Swords to his Knight's Cross medal posthumously. 
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23 Jan 1944 WW2 US aircraft attacked Rabaul, New Britain. The Japanese lost at least 13 fighters. 
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23 Jan 1944 WW2 Nachi arrived at Hashirajima, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. 
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23 Jan 1945 WW2 Soviet units reached the Oder River in the Silesia region of occupied Poland. 
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23 Jan 1945 WW2 In fighting at Brachterbeek, the Netherlands, Lance Corporal Henry Harden, a medic attached to the Commandos, sprinted 100 yards under fire over open ground to attend three wounded men. He carried one back to safety and, despite being hit, insisted on returning for the others. As he hoisted the second wounded man onto his back, he was shot and killed. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. 
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23 Jan 1945 WW2 USS Sennet attacked Japanese patrol boats off the Bonin Islands, sinking one and damaging another with 1 of 6 torpedoes fired. 
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23 Jan 1945 WW2 Anglo-Indian troops captured Myinmu, Burma. The last Japanese survivors drowned themselves in the Irrawaddy River to avoid capture. 
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23 Jan 1945 WW2 USS Wake Island arrived at Ulithi, Caroline Islands for repairs. 
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23 Jan 1945 WW2 USS Barb attacked a Japanese convoy near Nanguan Island ("Namkwan harbor"), Zhejiang Province, China at 0405 hours, firing eight torpedoes and recording eight hits. At 1130 hours, Commander Eugene Fluckey sent Sino-American Special Technical Cooperative Organization (SACO) chief Commander Milton Miles a radio message, thanking him for the intelligence about the attack location. In Jun 1991, Fluckey was able to visit the fishing village of Huang Qi where several eyewitnesses of the attack still lived; the Chinese recalled seeing 4 Japanese ships sinking and 3 heavily damaged. 
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23 Jan 1945 WW2 Helmuth von Moltke was executed at the Plötzensee Prison in Berlin, Germany. 
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23 Jan 1945 WW2 Kriegsmarine units began the evacuation of German civilians from Ostpreußen (East Prussia) and Danzig (Operation Hannibal). Meanwhile, Soviet troops reached Elbing, Danzig-Westpreußen, Germany (now Elblag) on the Baltic coast. 
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23 Jan 1945 WW2 A UKR official attached to Soviet 2nd Ukrainian Front reported that between 1 Jan 1945 and 20 Jan 1945, 2 German counterintelligence personnel, 39 German intelligence personnel, and 7 Hungarian intelligence personnel were arrested in Hungary. 
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23 Jan 1946 WW2 Soviet SMERSH agents attempted to kidnap former German agent Richard Klaus (also known as Fritz Klatt and Max) in Austria, but the Soviets were thwarted by the Americans. The Soviets were interned overnight and were returned to the Soviet occupation zone on the following day. 
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23 Jan 1946 WW2 The hearing against Hans Fritzsche began in Nürnberg, Germany. 
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23 Jan 1946 WW2 Allied repatriation ship Hikawa Maru arrived at Uraga, Japan and disembarked personnel. 
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23 Jan 1947 WW2 Roy Geiger passed away. 
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