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History on the 18th of March

History
Date Text
18 Mar 1123 RELIGIOUS The First Lateran Council opened in Rome. It was the Ninth Ecumenical Council, and the first one to be held in the West. Lateran I settled the right of investiture (i.e., the right to choose replacement clergy) by a treaty between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V.
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18 Mar 1314 RELIGIOUS 39 French Knights Templars were burned at the stake. Most church history experts agree that these and other hostilities shown against the Knights Templars were caused by the greed and cunning of Philip the Fair, who sought the great wealth this medieval military religious order had amassed in the enturies following the Crusades.
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18 Mar 1673 RELIGIOUS Lord Berkeley of England sold his half of the American colony of New Jersey to the Quakers.
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18 Mar 1767 RELIGIOUS Anglican clergyman and hymn writer John Newton wrote in a letter: 'The more you know him, the better you will trust him; the more you trust him, the better you will love him; the more you love him, the better you will serve him.'
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18 Mar 1861 RELIGIOUS The Metropolitan Tabernacle first opened in London. It was the church at which famed English Baptist preacher Charles Spurgeon pastored.
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18 Mar 1913 WW2 Werner Mölders was born in Gelsenkirchen, Westphalia, Germany. 
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18 Mar 1914 WW2 Texas was commissioned into service. 
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18 Mar 1915 WW1 Begin of Attempt to Force the Narrows
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18 Mar 1916 WW1 Begin of Battle of Lake Naroch
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18 Mar 1922 WW2 Mohandas Gandhi was sentenced to six years in prison (he was to be released in Feb 1924 on health grounds). 
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18 Mar 1926 WW2 Wang Zhi witnessed the death of a fellow student during a student protest in Beiping, China. 
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18 Mar 1928 WW2 HMS Hermes arrived at Hong Kong. 
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18 Mar 1929 WW2 Devonshire was commissioned into service. 
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18 Mar 1933 WW2 Iwane Matsui was made a member of the Japanese Supreme War Council. 
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18 Mar 1933 WW2 Major General Kennosuke Otsuka was named the chief of staff of the Taiwan Army. 
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18 Mar 1937 WW2 Benito Mussolini staged an event for propaganda in which he received a ceremonial sword from Arab leaders from Italian Libya, symbolizing him as the proector of Arab peoples. 
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18 Mar 1937 WW2 Spanish Republic forces under Colonel Enrique Jurado Barrio launched a counter-attack against Italian troops near Guadalajara, Spain. Two divisions, assisted by Russian tanks and aircraft, fell on the leading Italian units. The ferocity of the counterattack surprised the Italians and their retreat rapidly became a rout. General José Moscardó Ituarte's Nationalist troops, previously advancing steadily, was forced to fall back as the Italians lost Brihuega. Although the Nationalist attack on Guadalajara had gained some ground when the battle finally ended, it had failed to achieve the decisive result which had been hoped for. Also on this date, the Italian Blackshirt Division 'Dio lo vuole' in Spain was disbanded; later in the year, the remaining two divisions of Blackshirts were also disbanded and reorganized into three Italian-Spanish brigades. 
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18 Mar 1938 WW2 Japanese troops captured Tengxian, Jiangsu Province, China after a two-day battle. The Chinese 31st Division began to march out of Xucheng, Henan Province for Xuzhou area, Jiangsu Province. 
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18 Mar 1938 WW2 Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini met at the Brenner Pass on the Italian-Austrian border; Mussolini agreed to enter a war on the side of Germany at an opportune moment. 
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18 Mar 1938 WW2 The British Chief of Naval Staff recommended the transfer of HMS Apollo to Australia. 
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18 Mar 1938 WW2 The British Chief of Naval Staff recommended the transfer of HMS Amphion to Australia. 
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18 Mar 1939 WW2 Spain and Portugal entered into a non-aggression pact. 
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18 Mar 1939 WW2 While in Vienna in German-occupied Austria, Adolf Hitler approved the formation of a German protectorate in Slovakia. Elsewhere, France, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union lodged official protests regarding the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. 
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18 Mar 1939 WW2 A group of Japanese troops boarded barges at Xingzi, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China, sailed south 10 kilometers on the Yangtze River, and disembarked to attack Chinese positions at Wucheng. 
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18 Mar 1939 WW2 In Russia, the "Industry of Socialism" Exhibition finally opened, sixteen months behind schedule, having finally satisfied the censors that the pictures displayed proved that life had got better in Russia since the removal of the Tsars. 
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18 Mar 1939 WW2 At the 18th Party Congress, Joseph Stalin declared that the western aggressor states of United Kingdom and France were pushing Germany toward Eastern Europe, thus provoking an eventual war between Germany and the Soviet Union, a venture that he did not wish to embark the Soviet Union upon. 
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18 Mar 1939 WW2 USS Astoria departed Annapolis, Maryland, United States with the ashes of Japanese Ambassador Hiroshi Saito on board. 
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18 Mar 1940 WW2 German bombers attacked Dutch trawler Protinus off Ijmuiden, the Netherlands, killing several people including the captain and the first mate. 10 found their way to the lifeboat but 2 of them would perish before they were found by submarine HMS Unity 6 days later. 
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18 Mar 1940 WW2 HMS Edinburgh arrived at Tyne, England, United Kingdom for a refit. 
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18 Mar 1940 WW2 Alan Turing's first electromechanical machine, "bombe", was installed. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 US and Canada declared a joint defense pact, which included cooperation in ship building efforts on the Great Lakes. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 Italian troops bombarded Fort Dologorodoc near Keren, Eritrea, Italian East Africa, which British and Indian had only recently gained. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 Erwin Rommel departed North Africa for a meeting with Adolf Hitler. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 The US Marine Corps 7th Defense Battalion arrived at American Samoa. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 Adolf Hitler met with Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, and Erich Raeder; Raeder urged Hitler to convince Japan to attack Singapore and recommended Hitler to reveal the plans of the Soviet invasion to Japan. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 British bombers attacked Vlorë, Albania, sinking Italian torpedo boat Aldebaran. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 German submarine U-105 attacked Allied convoy SL-68 west of Senegal, French West Africa at 0400 hours, sinking British ship Medjerda, killing the entire crew of 52 and 2 gunners. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 German armed merchant cruiser Kormoran transferred 7 torpedoes to submarine U-124 1,050 miles southwest of Cape Verde Islands. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 Battleship Bismarck entered the Baltic Sea for trials. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 Germany centralized all coal mining and distribution. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 British armed boarding vessel Rosaura, carrying Italian prisoners of war, hit a mine and sank off Tobruk, Libya. 14 crew, 5 guards, and 59 Italians were killed. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 British Swordfish torpedo bombers of Fleet Air Arm 830 Naval Air Squadron based in Malta bombed the harbor at Tripoli, Libya; 1 Swordfish aircraft was shot down, with its crew of 2 taken prisoner. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 The French government-in-exile in Britain established a central bank. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 German 1st S-boat Flotilla (with 6 motor torpedo boats) raided shipping on the east coast of England, United Kingdom, sinking French ship Daphne II off the Humber Estuary. 
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18 Mar 1941 WW2 Douglas Bader was promoted to the rank of wing commander. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 The repair work on light cruiser Voroshilov completed. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 German submarine U-124 sank Greek ship Kassandra Louloudis off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, United States at 0114 hours; all 35 aboard survived. At 0827, U-124 struck again, sinking US tankers US tankers E. M. Clark; 1 was killed, 26 survived. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 Douglas MacArthur officially accepted the position of the Supreme Commander of Southwest Pacific Area while still aboard a train traveling for Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 US 9th Pursuit Squadron, flying P-40 fighters, arrived at Batchelor Field, located 98 kilometers (61 miles) south of Darwin, Australia. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 Japanese hospital ship Hikawa Maru departed Rabaul, New Britain. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 Several US B-17 bombers launched from Port Moresby, Australian Papua to attack Rabaul, New Britain, causing no damage. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 Tenryu arrived at Kavieng, New Ireland. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 Japanese aircraft attacked Port Moresby, Australian Papua. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 Chinese troops ambushed 200 Japanese reconnaissance troops near Pyu in Battle of Tachiao, killing 30. Meanwhile, aircraft of the 1st American Volunteer Group "Flying Tigers" bombed the Japanese airfield at Moulmein, claiming 16 Japanese aircraft destroyed on the ground. Of the Burmese coast, troops from India reinforced the garrison on Akyab Island. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 Naka was assigned to the Seizure Force for the invasion of Christmas Island. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 The first A4 rocket exploded on Test Stand VII at Peenemünde, Germany during a combustion chamber test. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 British submarine HMS Upholder sank Italian submarine Tricheco 2 miles off of Brindisi, Italy; 38 were killed, 3 survived (including the commanding officer). 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 US Army engineers arrived at Efate, New Hebrides for the construction of a new airfield. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 Lord Mountbatten was appointed as the British Chief of Combined Operations. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 US President Roosevelt signed an Executive Order for the establishment of the War Relocation Authority, which led to the internment of Japanese-Americans during WW2. 
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18 Mar 1942 WW2 The keel of Oriskany was laid down at Bethlehem Steel Company's Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts, United States. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 I-168 departed Kiska, Aleutian Islands and patrolled an area south of Amchitka. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 The Allies abandoned the attempt to drive Japanese from Donbaik, Burma. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 The main body of the Northern Group of the Chindits completed the crossing of the Irrawaddy River. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 Famed Polish Jewish violinist Henri Czaplinski (aka. Genrikh Maksimovich Chaplinsky in Soviet documents) joined the Donukalov Partisan Brigade near Minsk, Byelorussia. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 Japanese hospital ship Hikawa Maru arrived at Truk, Caroline Islands. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 Vichy France repealed a number of anti-Semitic laws. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 Italians began to raise the wreck of Algérie in sections at Toulon, France. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 USAAF aircraft bombed the Vegesack district of Bremen, Germany. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 USS Tunny departed Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii for her second war patrol. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 56 western missionaries and western civilians, 2 Chinese adult civilians, and 2 Chinese infants were executed by gunfire or drowning aboard Japanese destroyer Akikaze in the Pacific Ocean. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 Switzerland was warned of a seemingly impending German invasion. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 US 1st Ranger Battalion captured El Guettar, Tunisia. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 Oswald Mosley and Diana Mosley received Norah Elam and Dudley Elam while in imprisonment in London, England, United Kingdom. 
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18 Mar 1943 WW2 The keel of destroyer USS Cassin Young was laid down by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation at San Pedro, Los Angeles, California, United States. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 Aircraft of No. 466 Squadron RAAF conducted minelaying operations in the North Sea off of Helgoland, Germany. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 Chindit troops reached the railway at Kenu, Burma; the subsequent Battle of Pagoda Hill was characterized by savage hand-to-hand fighting that resulted in 23 Chindits and 42 Japanese killed. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 RAF bombers attacked Hamburg, Germany with approximately 3,000 tons of bombs. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 USS Golet departed Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii for her first war patrol. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 Japanese 15th Division reached Ukhrul, India, which was about 50 miles from Imphal, India. Behind them, Japanese 31st Division crossed the Chindwin River in eight columns toward India. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 Japanese submarine I-165 sank British merchant ship Nancy Moller in the Indian Ocean. The submarine picked up six of the survivors and executed two of them by pistol and another two by drowning. The crew then opened fire on the life boat, killing 32 of the over 60 survivors aboard. Ultimately only 31 would survive, picked up by HMS Emerald four days later. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 New Zealand troops mounted a failed armored attack on Cassino, Italy, losing all 17 tanks in the process. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 Yamato exited drydocks at Kure, Japan. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 USS Iowa bombarded Mili Atoll, Marshall Islands. She was hit by two 120-millimeter shells from Japanese coastal guns during the bombardment, suffering minor damage. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 USS Pollack arrived off Nanpo Islands, Japan. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 USS Ray fired six torpedoes at two Japanese destroyers and one patrol craft in the South China Sea; her crew reported hearing one explosion, but could not confirm it as the submarine dove in expectation of counterattacks. 
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18 Mar 1944 WW2 At 1100 hours, Auschwitz Concentration Camp prisoner Rudolf Friemel married forced laborer Margarita Ferrer at the camp's Registry Office. It was the only case where a prisoner was allowed to marry in the camp. They had met in Spain when Rudolf Friemel, an Austrian, fought as a volunteer for the Spanish Republicans in the civil war. Friemel was executed by hanging on 30 Dec 1944 for a failed attempt to escape Auschwitz. Ferrer and their child survived the war. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 2nd Lieutenant Guy Cary of US 15th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron shot down a He 162 jet fighter, but positive identification on the victim was not made; some thought it might had been a Me 262 jet fighter. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 In Burma, Lieutenant Karamjeet Singh Judge directed the destruction of ten enemy bunkers at a heavily defended cotton mill at Myingyan. Guiding a tank to another bunker for some reason he asked the commander to hold fire while he checked it out. He entered the bunker but was shot. The 21-year-old Punjabi was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 Indian 5th Division captured Myingyan, Burma. In the area, Anglo-Indian troops attempted to cross the moat of Fort Dufferin in Mandalay, Burma in failure, suffering heavy casualties. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 US Third Army captured Boppard, Germany. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 Soviet 1st Polish Army captured Kolberg, Germany (now Kolobrzeg, Poland) while other Soviet units approached Gdynia and Danzig. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 Albert Speer, sensing Adolf Hitler's wish to potentially order the destruction of Germany to prevent Allied capture, attempted to persuade Hitler not to destroy the future of Germany. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 General Mark Clark established the goal of the Allied offensive in Italy in spring 1945 to be 'to destroy the maximum number of enemy forces south of the Po , force crossings of the Po and capture Verona'. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 USS Franklin arrived in position south of Japan and launched F4U Corsair fighters of US Marine Corps squadron VMF-214 against the targets in Kagoshima Prefecture. USMC pilot John Stodd was shot down over Izumi Airfield and was captured. The US airmen destroyed many Japanese aircraft on the ground at Izumi. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 USS Tunny detected a Japanese convoy but she failed to gain favorable attack positions. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 USS Missouri escorted carriers while the aircraft aircraft struck Japan. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 USS Springer sank Japanese Transport No. 18 in the East China Sea, hitting her with 3 of 8 torpedoes fired. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 Filipino guerrillas welcomed the invading American troops on Panay, Philippine Islands. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 US B-24 aircraft, A-20 aircraft, and fighters based in the Philippine Islands attacked Koshun Airfield, Takao Prefecture, Taiwan. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 German V-2 rocket hit the Speaker's Corner at the edge of Hyde Park in London, England, United Kingdom at 0930 hours, killing 3 and seriously injuring 9. 
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18 Mar 1945 WW2 Pope Pius XII denounced Nazi German racist policies. 
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18 Mar 1946 WW2 Georgy Malenkov and Lavrentiy Beria were made full members of the Soviet Politburo. 
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18 Mar 1949 WW2 Edward Brooks was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and was named the Assistant Chief of Staff for Personnel of the US Army. 
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