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History on the 18th of July

History
Date Text
18 Jul 1504 RELIGIOUS Birth of Heinrich Bullinger, Swiss reformer. He continued Zwingli's work afterhis death at Kappel (1531), and composed the Second Helvetic Confession in 1566.
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18 Jul 1753 RELIGIOUS Birth of Lemuel Haynes, colonial American Congregational clergyman. In 1785,Haynes, 32, was ordained to a church in Torrington, Connecticut, making him the firstAfrican-American to pastor a white church.
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18 Jul 1870 RELIGIOUS The Vatican I Ecumenical Council issued the proclamation 'Pastor Aeternus,'declaring the pope's primacy and infallibility in deciding faith and moral matters. (FewProtestants agree with this doctrine.)
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18 Jul 1876 RELIGIOUS American philosopher and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson noted: 'Great men are theywho see that spiritual is stronger than material, that thoughts rule the world.'
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18 Jul 1911 WW2 Hiroaki Abe was promoted to the rank of midshipman. 
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18 Jul 1915 WW1 Begin of Second Battle of the Isonzo
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18 Jul 1919 WW2 Britain's most successful fighter Ace of World War 1, Major Edward "Mick" Mannock, who attained a total of 73 accredited kills, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, Britain's highest award for valour. 
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18 Jul 1921 WW2 US Army and Navy aircraft sank light cruiser Frankfurt at Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, United States in experimental attacks on ships. 
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18 Jul 1925 WW2 Adolf Hitler published Mein Kampf. 
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18 Jul 1936 WW2 Throughout Spain and Spanish Morocco military garrisons (aided in place by the Guardia Civil and the Falange) rose in revolt against the Republican Government. 
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18 Jul 1937 WW2 Hitler opened the Exhibition of German Art but was outraged at some of the paintings, submitted for his approval, which he declared to be too modernist for display. 
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18 Jul 1937 WW2 30 Soviet-built I-15 fighters were delivered to the Chinese Air Force at Lanzhou, Gansu, China. 
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18 Jul 1938 WW2 USS Enterprise departed Norfolk, Virginia, United States for her shakedown cruise. 
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18 Jul 1939 WW2 British light cruiser Kenya was launched at the Stephen Shipyard at Govan on the River Clyde, Scotland, United Kingdom. 
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18 Jul 1939 WW2 British light cruiser Nigeria was launched. 
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18 Jul 1939 WW2 British anti-aircraft cruiser Dido was launched. 
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18 Jul 1939 WW2 The Soviet Union proposed a trade agreement to Germany. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 HMS Cumberland departed Simonstown, near Cape Town, South Africa in search for the German armed merchant cruiser Thor, suspected to be off the Brazilian coast. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 German submarine U-99 sank British ship Woodbury 150 miles southwest of Ireland; the entire crew of 35 survived and took to lifeboats. German submarine U-58 sank Norwegian ship Gyda 30 miles northwest of Ireland at 1641 hours; 11 were killed and 9 survived. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 Adolf Galland was promoted to Major. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 British bombers attacked the Dortmund-Ems Canal in Germany. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 British destroyer Cotswold was launched. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 British minesweeper Polruan was launched. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 German began broadcasting propaganda through Radio Caledonia, aiming at urging Scottish separatism. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 German submarine U-95 was launched. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 Canadian corvette Wetaskiwin was launched in North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 The Canadian Navy placed an order for 12 motor torpedo boat with Canadian Power Boat Company, Limited in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; this order would later result in MTB 332 through 343. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 Hans-Joachim Marseille completed flight training at Jagdfliegerschule 5 in Schwechat, Austria. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 French aircraft bombed Gibraltar in retaliation for recent British attacks on French warships, but most of the bombs fell into the sea. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 15 Spitfire fighters of No. 152 and No. 610 Squadron engaged 30 Bf 109 fighters off Beachey Head on the southern coast of England, United Kingdom, resulting in 1 British fighter lost. Elsewhere, German bombers attacked Montrose Aerodrome on the east coast of Scotland, United Kingdom, killing 2 and wounding 3. Further to the south, German bombers sank the East Goodwin Light Vessel. In the evening, at 1900 hours, the British retaliated by sending 18 British Blenheim bombers, escorted by 24 fighters, to attack German barges at Boulogne, France. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 The United Kingdom recognized the Czechoslovakian government-in-exile in London, England, United Kingdom. 
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18 Jul 1940 WW2 Franklin Roosevelt received an almost unanimous invitation at the Democrat Convention in Chicago, Illinois, United States to stand as the party's candidate for the 1940 presidential election. If elected he would become the first US President to remain in office for more than two terms. 
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18 Jul 1941 WW2 British ASV radar equipment was deployed to one PBY Catalina and two PBM Mariner aircraft. 
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18 Jul 1941 WW2 Prince Fumimaro Konoe retained his office as he was named the 39th Prime Minister of Japan. 
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18 Jul 1941 WW2 Three Blenheim bombers of No. 21 Squadron of No. 2 Group RAF damaged a German tanker in the English Channel off Gravelines, France; one of the three bombers were shot down by anti-aircraft fire. 
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18 Jul 1941 WW2 German submarine U-703 was launched. 
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18 Jul 1941 WW2 In Canada, Canadian corvette HMCS Algoma arrived at Montreal, Quebec, and corvette HMCS Shediac arrived at Quebec City, Quebec. 
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18 Jul 1941 WW2 Works Progress Administration Assistant Commissioner Corrington Gill reported to the House of Representatives of the US Congress that 5,000,000 Americans would remain unemployed in the latter half of 1941. 
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18 Jul 1941 WW2 Finland established diplomatic relationship with the Japanese-sponsored puppet state of Manchukuo. 
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18 Jul 1941 WW2 The Orthodox Bishop of Dresden, Germany completed his two-day visit of the Oflag IV-C prisoners of war camp at Colditz Castle and departed. 
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18 Jul 1941 WW2 The Soviet Union signed a friendship treaty with the Czechoslovakian government-in-exile in London, England, United Kingdom. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 US Navy Rear Admiral Richmond Turner took command of the Amphibious Forces South Pacific at Wellington, New Zealand. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Frank Fletcher was promoted to the rank of vice admiral. He broke his flag aboard USS Saratoga. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 USS S-28 conducted a reconnaissance mission on the island of Semisopochnoi, Aleutian Islands. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Rudolf Höss was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Prince Alexander of Belgium was born in Brussels, Belgium. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 British vessel Barfoil was launched. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 British escort carrier Pursuer was launched. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 German submarine U-384 was commissioned into service. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 German submarine U-666 was commissioned into service. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Soviet Pacific Fleet submarine Shch-138 suffered an accidental detonation of her own torpedoes at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai, far eastern Russia and was lost with 17 men. Shch-118 was also damaged in this incident. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 A USAAF Fifth Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress bomber, with two US Marine Corps observers aboard, flew a reconnaissance mission over Gavutu, Guadalcanal, and Tulagi in the Solomon Islands. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Australian rescue tug Reserve was launched. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 A B-17 Flying Fortress bomber of USAAF 11th Air Force crashed on Umnak, Aleutian Islands during a weather and photo reconnaissance mission in the Kiska Island region. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 The keel of British escort carrier Ameer was laid down. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 The keel of American destroyer escort Pillsbury was laid down. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 American destroyer Kalk was launched. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 American destroyer Hall was launched. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 American destroyer Conner was launched. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 German submarine U-575 damaged British tanker San Gaspar (12 were killed, 40 survived) 50 miles east of Trinidad at 0625 hours; several hours later, 100 miles further east, U-575 struck again, sinking sailing vessels Glacier and Comrade with her deck gun. German submarine U-160 attacked Panamanian transport Carmona with multiple torpedoes southeast of Trinidad between 1633 and about 1715 hours, sinking her; 4 were killed, 31 survived). 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 USS Skipjack departed Fremantle, Australia for her fourth war patrol. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 USS S-43 disembarked RAAF Flight Officer Cecil John Trevelyan Mason on New Ireland for Mason to check in with coast watchers. She would embark Mason before the end of the day and set sail. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 USS Wasp arrived at Tongatapu, Tonga. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Japanese hospital ship Hikawa Maru departed Balikpapan, Dutch Borneo. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Prototype jet fighter Me 262 V3 Schwalbe took its maiden flight with Fritz Wendel in the cockpit over Leipheim, Germany. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 British submarine HMS Unbroken departed Gibraltar for Malta. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Wolfgang Falck departed Venice, Italy after advising the Italians on nightfighting tactics. In a subsequent report he filed for Erhard Milch, Falck noted that the Italian nightfighting organization was extremely poor. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 German supply ship Regensburg arrived at Yokohama, Japan, disembarking prisoners captured by German merchant raiders that Regensburg supported. When inspecting captured mail that was also given to the Japanese, it was discovered that the Americans had broken the current Japanese Navy code, leading to a change in codes. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Petre Dumitrescu was promoted to the rank of general. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Soviet submarine ShCh-138 suffered an accidental torpedo detonation while in port at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, destroying the submarine and killing 17. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 Soviet submarine ShCh-118 was damaged in port at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia when neighboring ShCh-138 suffered an accidental torpedo detonation. 
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18 Jul 1942 WW2 German troops captured Voroshilovgrad (now Luhansk) in eastern Ukraine. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 The keels of British frigates Loring and Pasley were laid down. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 In Sicily, Italy, before dawn, British Wellington bombers of the Allied Northwest African Strategic Air Force bombed Montecorvino on Sicily and Pomigliano in mainland Italy. After daybreak, American A-36 aircraft of the Allied Northwest African Tactical Air Force attacked Santa Caterina, Adrano, Lercara, and Termini Imerese. On the ground, Canadian troops captured Valguarnerna, US Seventh Army troops captured Caltanisetta, and British Eighth Army troops move slowly along the east coast of Sicily near Catania. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 6 American B-24 bombers attacked Japanese shipping between Paramushiru Island and Shimushu Island in the Kurile Islands and the Kataoka Airfield on Paramushiru; this was the first heavy bomber attack against Japan. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 6 B-24 bombers of the US Seventh Air Force based on Funafuti Island, Ellice Islands bombed Betio Island, Tarawa Atoll, Gilbert Islands. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 Japanese bombers were dispatched to attack Canton Island, Phoenix Islands, but they were forced to abandon their mission due to heavy American anti-aircraft and fighter defense; the bomb loads were dropped in the ocean. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 2 B-24 and 6 B-25 bombers of the US Eleventh Air Force B-24 attacked Japanese positions at Kiska Island, Aleutian Islands. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 US Navy airship K-74 detected an enemy submarine in the Straits of Florida between the United States and Cuba at 2340 hours by radar and commenced the attack on German submarine U-134 10 minutes later. The anti-aircraft guns of U-134 hit the airship, and she crashed at 2355 hours. K-74 was the only American blimp to be shot down during the war. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 American destroyer escort Hilbert was launched. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 American destroyer escort USS Chase was commissioned into service. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 German submarine U-508 attacked passenger ship Incomati with a torpedo 200 miles south of Lagos, British West Africa at 0756 hours. At 0818 hours, U-508 shelled Incomati with her deck gun, eventually sinking her. 1 was killed, 222 survived. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 USS Finback completed refitting at Fremantle, Australia and departed for her sixth war patrol. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 21 USAAF Thirteenth Air Force B-24 bombers escorted by 20 fighters, together with 35 US Navy and US Marine Corps dive bombers escorted by 134 fighters, attacked the Kahili Airfield and surrounding areas on Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands. The Americans claimed destroying or damaging two destroyers, a light vessel, and 12 fighters. 10 American aircraft were lost. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 USS Snook arrived at Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii, ending her second war patrol. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 After sundown, RAF Wellington bombers dropped over 800,000 propaganda leaflets on Rome, Italy. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 Ambra launched frogmen against Allied shipping in Syracuse harbor, Sicily, Italy; they failed to cause any damage. 
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18 Jul 1943 WW2 Japanese hospital ship Hikawa Maru arrived at Yokosuka, Japan. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 German Luftwaffe Hauptmann Werner Thierfelder, commander of the special test unit (Eprobungskommando) tasked with evolving tactics for the new Me 262 jet-powered fighter was killed when his plane crashed in flames near Landsberg, Germany. The cause of the crash was not determined, but it was likely to be either a mechanical failure or due to poor fuel quality. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 US XIX Corps troops entered Saint-Lô, France. British troops launched Operation Goodwood against Caen with Allied 2,200 aircraft supporting the ground assault, but stubborn German defense cost the British VIII Corps 200 tanks and 1,500 men, while just over 100 Panzers were destroyed. After sundown, 25 American B-24 bombers flew in support of resistance activities. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 Soviet First Byelorussian Front launched a heavy attack across the Bug River aimed at Lublin in Poland, the Third Baltic Front attacked toward Pskov in Russia, while the First Ukraine Front advanced toward Lvov in Ukraine. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 In Germany, 291 American B-17 bombers, escorted by 48 P-38 and 84 P-51 fighters, attacked the port facilities at Kiel and oil refineries at Cuxhaven. To the east, 377 American B-17 bombers, escorted by 294 fighters, attacked Peenemünde, Zinnowitz, and Stralsund. In southern Germany, B-17 and B-24 bombers of US Fifteenth Air Force attacked Memmingen Airfield and the Dornier factories at Manzell; 20 aircraft were lost. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 The keel of British minesweeper Styx was laid down. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 British destroyer HMS Zambesi was commissioned into service. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 British frigate HMS Balfour sank German submarine U-672 with depth charges north of Guernsey in the English Channel. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 A Mosquito aircraft of the British No. 333 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF damaged German submarine U-286 in the North Sea; 1 was killed, 7 were wounded. U-286 would be able to sail to Kristiansand, Norway later on the same day. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 A Catalina aircraft of British No. 210 Squadron RAF sank German submarine U-742 west of Narvik, Norway; all 52 aboard were killed. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 German submarine U-2504 was launched. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 German submarine U-3003 was launched. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 German submarine U-327 was commissioned into service. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 German submarine U-2323 was commissioned into service. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 German troops round up the 2,000 Jews at Rhodes and Kos in Greece; most of them would soon be deported to the Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 German submarine U-479 fired a spread of two torpedoes at Soviet submarine chaser MO-304 in Vyborg Bay, Russia; U-479 reported that the attack had failed, but one of the torpedoes actually struck MO-304, which required towing back into port. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 In the Mariana Islands, American P-47 fighters based on Saipan attacked Japanese positions on Tinian and Pagan. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 Hideki Tojo submitted his letter of resignation for his position as the Prime Minister of Japan. He would be officially replaced by Kuniaki Koiso four days later. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 American destroyer escort USS Ulvert M. Moore was commissioned into service. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa was named the commanding officer of the Southwest Area Fleet. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 The Japanese Navy 14th Air Fleet was officially disbanded; it had been wiped out at Saipan, Mariana Islands ten days earlier. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 USS Ray sank Japanese tanker Janbi Maru in the South China Sea, expending 22 torpedoes during the pursuit, 8 of which hit. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 In the Caroline Islands, aircraft of the Allied Far East Air Forces attacked Yap and Sorol, while 25 B-24 bombers of the US Seventh Air Force attacked Truk. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 Otozo Yamada succeeded Yoshijiro Umezu as the commanding officer of the Japanese Kwantung Army in northeastern China. 
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18 Jul 1944 WW2 As Polish II Corps advanced toward Ancona, Italy, it captured Agugliano, Chiaravalle, and finally the port city itself by 1430 hours. Meanwhile, troops of US IV Corps began an attack on Leghorn. In the air, US Fifteenth Air Force attacked various German positions throughout the country. 
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18 Jul 1944 RELIGIOUS German theologian and Nazi martyr Dietrich Bonhoeffer wrote from prison: 'Thereligious act is always something partial; "faith" is something whole, involving the wholeof one's life. Jesus calls us not to new religion but to life.'
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada had a miraculous escape when the Bedford Naval magazine blew up. Thousands were evacuated as explosions rocked the town for 24 hours, but battling firemen managed to prevent the flames from reaching the main magazine. Fortunately there were only fifteen casualties of which only one proved fatal. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 In Germany, the second plenary session of the Potsdam Conference was conducted. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 The headquarters of the US Army Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific was established on Guam, Mariana Islands under General Carl Spaatz. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 P-47 Thunderbolt and P-51 Mustang aircraft of US Far East Air Forces attacked various targets on Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, focusing largely on communications lines, bridges, shipping, and population centers. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 US Eleventh Air Force launched two routine search and weather missions in the Aleutian Islands. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 In Canada, corvettes HMCS Battleford and HMCS Mimico were decommissioned at Sorel, Quebec while corvette HMCS Lindsay was decommissioned at Sydney, Nova Scotia. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 Canadian frigate HMCS Runnymede arrived at Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 USS Hawkbill attacked a Japanese convoy; she only narrowly escaped the subsequent depth charge attack by the convoy escorts. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 USS Cero was attacked by Japanese aircraft and suffered extensive damage; she set sail for Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii for repairs. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 214 US aircraft attacked the Japanese airfield at Shanghai, China. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 USS Wake Island departed Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii after taking on 187 passengers. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 American battleships USS North Carolina, USS Alabama, USS Iowa, USS Missouri, and USS Wisconsin and British battleship HMS King George V bombarded Hitachi, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan with 2,000 shells; the Taga Works and Mito Works of Hitachi Manufacturing Company were moderately damaged, and the Yamate Plant and the copper refining plants of Hitachi Mine were lightly damaged. Civilian housing areas were also attacked, causing many deaths. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 Nagato was damaged in port at Yokosuka, Japan during an American carrier air raid. A destroyer, a sumarine, and three smaller vessels were sunk during the attack. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 Lieutenant William Bell Asbridge, Corsair fighter pilot stationed flying from HMS Formidable, was shot down and killed in action near Tokyo, Japan. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 The air groups of submarines I-400 and I-401 held a farewell dinner in Maizuru, Japan before their planned suicide mission against Ulithi, Caroline Islands. Lieutenant Commander Nobukiyo Nambu, commanding officer of I-401, secretly invited some of the airmen's family members as a nice gesture. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 USS Spot arrived at Saipan, Mariana Islands, ending her third war patrol. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 US B-24 bombers attacked Matsuyama Airfield in Taihoku (now Taipei), Taiwan. 
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18 Jul 1945 WW2 USS Wasp launched Carrier Air Group Eighty Six aircraft against Wake Island. 
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