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History on the 28th of July

History
Date Text
28 Jul 1675 RELIGIOUS Death of Bulstrode Whitelocke 69, an influential English lawyer during theCommonwealth of Oliver Cromwell. Among Whitelocke's last words: 'There has been one truereligion in the world; and that is the work of the Spirit of God in the hearts and soulsof men.'
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28 Jul 1881 RELIGIOUS Birth of J. Gresham Machen, an American Presbyterian theologian who taught atPrinceton and Westminster seminaries. Two of his writings still endure: 'New Testament Greekfor Beginners' (1923) and 'The Virgin Birth of Christ' (1932).
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28 Jul 1889 RELIGIOUS The first Divine Liturgy (worship service) of the Armenian Church in America wascelebrated in Worcester, MA. It was led by Rev. Hovsep Sarajian, himself the first Armenianclergyman to come to America.
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28 Jul 1911 WW2 Clive Caldwell was born. 
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28 Jul 1914 WW2 Franz Josef declared war on Serbia. 
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28 Jul 1918 WW2 Douglas MacArthur was given command on the brigade level in France. 
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28 Jul 1921 WW2 Franklin Roosevelt set sail aboard a yacht from New York, New York, United States for a Boy Scouts event further north up the Hudson River. 
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28 Jul 1926 WW2 Lieutenant General Kunishige Tanaka was named the commanding officer of the Taiwan Army. 
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28 Jul 1932 WW2 The Japanese-sponsored puppet state Manchukuo issued its first postage stamps. 
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28 Jul 1932 WW2 Major George Patton commanded six battle tanks in the policing operation to disperse demonstrating WW1 veterans in Washington DC, United States. 
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28 Jul 1932 WW2 During the Bonus Army march in Washington DC, United States, President Herbert Hoover ordered US Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur to bring in troops to "surround the affected area and clear it without delay". The resulting confrontation caused one death, which became a public relations disaster for the US Army. 
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28 Jul 1933 WW2 General Takashi Hishikari succeeded General Nobuyoshi Muto as the Governor-General of Kwantung Leased Territory in northeastern China. 
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28 Jul 1935 WW2 Mogami was commissioned into service. 
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28 Jul 1935 WW2 The company-funded Boeing Model 299 prototype aircraft (later B-17 Flying Fortress), piloted by Leslie R. Tower, made its maiden flight from Boeing Field, Seattle, United States. 
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28 Jul 1937 WW2 The IRA attempted a bombing assassination against King George VI in Belfast. 
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28 Jul 1937 WW2 Troops of the Japanese 20th Division and three independent combined brigades, with air support, launched an offensive against Beiping, China. Discouraged, Chinese General Song Zheyuan, head of the Hebei-Chahar Political Council and the commanding officer of the 29th Route Army, announced defeat and withdrew from the city of Tianjin. 
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28 Jul 1937 WW2 Zhao Dengyu was killed in battle at Nanyuan near Beiping, China. 
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28 Jul 1937 WW2 USS Augusta and Destroyer Squadron 29 of US Asiatic Fleet arrived at Vladivostok, Russia. 
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28 Jul 1938 WW2 Germany passed laws revoking medical certifications of Jewish doctors, effective 30 Sep 1938; thereafter Jewish doctors could only serve as nurses for Jewish patients. 
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28 Jul 1938 WW2 Tatsuta Maru arrived at Yokohama, Japan. 
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28 Jul 1938 WW2 Garland exited drydocks at Sheerness, England, United Kingdom. 
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28 Jul 1939 WW2 The German embassy in London, England, United Kingdom reported to the Foreign Ministry in Berlin, Germany that the British was attempting to start talks with the Soviet Union. 
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28 Jul 1940 WW2 All rail lines between occupied France and Vichy France were cut by the Germans. 
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28 Jul 1940 WW2 President Jozef Tiso and Prime Minister Vojtech Tuka of the Slovak Republic met with Hitler and Ribbentrop at Berchtesgarden. 
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28 Jul 1940 WW2 British HMS Alcantara was hit by 3 shells from German armed merchant ship Thor 740 miles off Brazil, near the island of Trindade; 2 were killed and 7 were wounded; as Thor turned away to disengage from battle, Alcantara fired and hit Thor with 2 shells, killing 3. On the same day, German submarine U-99 sank British merchant ship Auckland Star 80 miles west of Ireland at 0557 hours. The entire crew of 74 were taken to lifeboats and would make it to the Irish shore. 
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28 Jul 1940 WW2 Werner Mölders flew his first combat sortie in the Battle of Britain; he sustained injuries after being hit by RAF Flight Lieutenant J. L. Webster over Dover, England, keeping him out of action for a month. 
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28 Jul 1940 WW2 The German Army examined closely the German Navy's draft plan for an invasion of England, United Kingdom, but it was horrified to note that the Navy estimated that it would take ten days to put the first assault ashore in the Dover area. 
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28 Jul 1940 WW2 More than 100 Japanese bombers attacked Chongqing, China in five waves; 16 fighters from Chinese 4th Pursuit Group and 5th Pursuit Group rose to intercept, claiming one bomber shot down. 
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28 Jul 1940 WW2 Japanese police arrested nine British nationals residing in Japan. 
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28 Jul 1940 WW2 100 German aircraft in 5 waves crossed the Strait of Dover at 1335 hours and were intercepted by 4 squadrons of British fighters; 5 German Bf 109 fighters, 2 German He 111 bombers, and 2 British Spitfire fighters were destroyed during the ensuing battle. A few hours later, the Royal Navy withdrew all destroyers from Dover to Portsmouth in southern England, United Kingdom. Overnight, German aircraft deployed mines and bombed British coastal cities. 
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28 Jul 1941 WW2 Japan froze American assets in retaliation of a similar action committed by the US on 26 Jul 1941. 
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28 Jul 1941 WW2 German troops began crushing the Smolensk pocket in Russia. 
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28 Jul 1941 WW2 Finland severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom. 
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28 Jul 1941 WW2 Tatsuta Maru set a new trans-Pacific crossing record. 
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28 Jul 1941 WW2 The joint US Army and US Marine Corps unit Task Force 18, attached to the US Atlantic Fleet under Major General Holland M. Smith, was redesignated the 1st Joint Training Force. 
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28 Jul 1941 WW2 A special commission created on Heinrich Himmler's orders arrived at Auschwitz Concentration Camp to select prisoners within the framework of the "Euthanasia Program" for the incurably ill, extended in 1940 to Jews and in the middle of 1941 to prisoners of concentration camps. The 573 selected, most were sick Polish prisoners from Block 15, were told that they were to be transferred to other camps for easier work because of their conditions. At last moment, two German criminals Johann Siegruth and Ernst Krankemann were added to the list. The 575 were sent to Sonnenstein Castle under the supervision of Franz Hössler and were killed by carbon monoxide poisoning in a gas chamber disguised as a shower room. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 Heinrich Himmler received a report from the railroad industry that, since 22 Jul 1942, 5,000 Jews arrived from Warsaw, Poland each day for each of Treblinka Concentration Camp and 5,000 Jews arrived from Przemysl each week for Belzec Concentration Camp. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 The construction of the American fighter strip at Espiritu Santo was completed. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 American PBY Catalina aircraft bombed Tulagi. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 US Navy and Marines began a four-day amphibious landing exercise. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 The American airfield at Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides became operational. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 The Soviet North Caucasus Front was formed under Marshal Semyon Budyonny to counter the German advance into the Caucasus region of southern Russia. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 Joseph Stalin issued Order No. 227, ordering "Ni Shagu Nazad!" ("Not a step back!"). Unit commanders were told to form special units to enforce this order by detaining or executing violators. In parallel, penal battalions (shtrafnye batal'ony) were established for officers detained for violating this order; officers running these battalions would soon gain the authority to execute members for any reason. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 German submarine U-66 sank British ship Weirbank 130 miles east of Tobago at 0040 hours; 1 was killed, 66 survived. At 0715 hours, U-115 sank Brazilian ship Barbacena 350 miles east of Tobago; 6 were killed, 56 survived. At 0800 hours, U-754 sank US fishing boat Ebb with her deck gun 60 miles south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; 5 were killed, 12 survived. At 2230 hours, U-155 struck again, sinking Brazilian tanker Piave 350 miles east of Tobago; 1 was killed, 34 survived. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 Japanese submarine I-175 sank French ship Cagou in the Coral Sea. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 George Kenney arrived in Brisbane, Australia and met with Richard Sutherland. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 Japanese hospital ship Hikawa Maru arrived at Saigon, Indochina. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 256 British bombers (161 Wellington, 71 Stirling, and 24 Whitley) were launched to attack Hamburg, Germany, but bad weather forced most of them to turn back before reaching the city; the 68 aircraft that reached Hamburg killed 13 and wounded 48 at the cost of about 30 bombers shot down. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 Max Merten was transferred to the Recruitment and Discharge Office for Military Administration Personnel at Marburg in central Germany. 
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28 Jul 1942 WW2 A transport of 1,010 Jews (542 men and 468 women) arrived at Auschwitz Concentration Camp in occupied Poland from Westerbork camp in the Netherlands; after the selection, 473 men and 315 women were registered; the remaining 222 were killed in the gas chambers. 
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28 Jul 1942 RELIGIOUS Death of W.M. Flinders Petrie, 89, English archaeologist. He was regarded bycolleague William Foxwell Albright as 'the greatest genius among biblical archaeologists.'
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28 Jul 1943 WW2 USS Sunfish began her fourth war patrol. 
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28 Jul 1943 WW2 Barbers Point Naval Air Station: Part of Marine Fighting Squadron 222 (VMF-222) departed. 
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28 Jul 1943 WW2 Otto Skorzeny arrived in Rome, Italy and visited Albert Kesselring at the Tusculum II villa outside of the city. 
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28 Jul 1943 WW2 Japanese hospital ship Hikawa Maru departed Yokosuka, Japan for her 14th voyage with the Japanese Navy. 
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28 Jul 1943 WW2 Georgy Zhukov was awarded the Order of Suvorov 1st Class for the second time. 
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28 Jul 1944 WW2 American troops captured Coutances, France. 
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28 Jul 1944 WW2 Brest-Litovsk, Byelorussia, site of a joint German-Soviet victory parade in 1939, was captured by Soviet forces after heavy fighting. 
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28 Jul 1944 WW2 With Geoffrey de Havilland Jr. at the controls, the de Havilland Hornet aircraft made its maiden flight. The Hornet entered service in 1946. 
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28 Jul 1944 WW2 The Dutch government issued a protest over the atrocities committed by the crew of Japanese I-8 against the survivors of sunken merchant ship Tjisalak. 
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28 Jul 1944 WW2 USS Ray departed Fremantle, Australia after restocking her store of torpedoes. 
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28 Jul 1944 WW2 US Marines captured the old US Marine Corps parade ground on Guam, Mariana Islands. Elsewhere on the island, Lieutenant General Takeshi Takashina, commanding the 19,000 Japanese garrison on Guam, was killed by machine gun fire. 
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28 Jul 1944 WW2 USS Hawkbill arrived at Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii. 
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28 Jul 1944 WW2 USS Copahee arrived at San Diego, California, United States with 14 captured Japanese aircraft and 37 captured engines. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 USS Cassin Young shot down two Japanese aircraft during a special attack, then proceeded to pick up 125 survivors of the sunken USS Callaghan. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 Japanese special attack aircraft sank USS Callaghan off Okinawa, Japan, which would prove to be the last victim of kamikaze tactics. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 The US Senate ratified the United Nations Charter. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 USS Bugara sank 4 small enemy craft with her deck gun in the Gulf of Siam and South China Sea area during the day and 1 more during the night. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 USS Sennet attacked a Japanese convoy in the Sea of Japan, sinking three ships, hitting them with 6 of 12 torpedoes fired. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 The remaining 27,000 men of the Japanese 28th Army in Burma began marching for Thailand. They would be harassed by aircraft from above and British troops and local tribal guerrilla fighters on the ground along the way. The crossing of the Sittang River alone would see more than 13,000 casualties, most of whom either wounded or killed by machine gunning or drowned in the current. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 Pilot Harold Watson and co-pilot Captain Fred McIntosh, supported by 8 additional crew members, flew a captured Ju 290 aircraft from Orly Field near Paris, France toward the United States. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 USS Parche arrived at Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii, ending her sixth war patrol. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 137 American P-47 aircraft based in Ie Shima, Okinawa, Japan attacked targest in Kyushu, Japan. On the same day, 471 B-29 bombers attacked smaller Japanese cities in the home islands with incendiary bombs. Finally, from the sea, US Navy TF 38 struck Inland Sea between Nagoya and northern Kyushu, sinking battleship Haruna, battleship-carrier Ise, heavy cruiser Aoba, and light cruiser Oyodo, and damaging carrier Katsuragi and carrier Hosho. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 Aoba, serving as a floating anti-aircraft battery at Kure in Japan, was attacked and sunk in shallow water. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 While beached on the island of Etajima, Hiroshima, Japan, Settsu was attacked by 3 US Navy carrier aircraft, suffering two direct bomb hits. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 Countess Margot Asquith, widow of the former Liberal Party Leader and Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith, passed away. 
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28 Jul 1945 WW2 A B-25D bomber crashed into the 79th and 80th floor on the north side of the Empire State Building in New York City, New York, United States at 0940 hours in a weather related accident. The air crew of 3, along with 11 people in the building, were killed; the damage was estimated to be about US$1,000,000. 
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28 Jul 1947 WW2 British engineers demolished the smaller building of the Berlin Zoo Flak Tower complex in Berlin, Germany. 
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28 Jul 1948 WW2 Otto Skorzeny escaped from captivity. 
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28 Jul 1960 RELIGIOUS American Trappist Thomas Merton wrote in a letter: 'I can depend less and lesson my own power and sense of direction... It is so strange to advance backwards and getwhere you are going in a totally unexpected way.'
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