23 Sep 1122
|
history
|
RELIGIOUS
|
The Concordat of Worms was reached between Pope Callistus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. It settled the Investiture Controversy over who had the right -- bishop or emperor -- to choose replacement clergy for vacant positions.
|
|
23 Sep 1595
|
history
|
RELIGIOUS
|
Spain launched an intensive missionary campaign in the American Southeast. During the next two years, about 1,500 American Indians were converted to the Catholic faith.
|
|
23 Sep 1667
|
history
|
RELIGIOUS
|
In Williamsburg, Virginia, a law was passed, barring slaves from obtaining their freedom by converting to Christianity.
|
|
23 Sep 1888
|
history
|
RELIGIOUS
|
Birth of Gerhard Kittel, German Lutheran Bible scholar. He was first editor of a 10-volume Greek lexicon which took 43 years to complete (1933-76). In its English edition (1964-76), the work is entitled, "Theological Dictionary of the New Testament" -- or "TDNT" for short.
|
|
23 Sep 1910
|
history
|
WW2
|
Franklin Roosevelt's son Elliott was born.
|
|
23 Sep 1916
|
history
|
WW2
|
Eleven German Zeppelin airships raided England, United Kingdom, with three heading for London. LZ 76 (L-33) was forced to land after being damaged by anti-aircraft fire, and LZ 74 (L-32) was attacked by Second Lieutenant F. Sowrey, causing it to burst into flames.
|
|
23 Sep 1916
|
history
|
WW2
|
Henry Arnold was promoted to the rank of captain.
|
|
23 Sep 1918
|
history
|
WW2
|
George Brett stepped down as the Director of Military Aeronautics of the US Army in Washington DC, United States.
|
|
23 Sep 1921
|
history
|
WW2
|
Naoshi Kanno was born in a village near Edano (now Kakuda), Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.
|
|
23 Sep 1925
|
history
|
WW2
|
Philipp married Princess Mafalda of the House of Savoy, daughter of King Vittorio Emanuele III of Italy, at the Castello di Racconigi in Italy.
|
|
23 Sep 1930
|
history
|
WW2
|
The first production example of GL-810 HY floatplanes took flight at Les Mureaux, France.
|
|
23 Sep 1930
|
history
|
WW2
|
HMS Hermes arrived at Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom.
|
|
23 Sep 1931
|
history
|
WW2
|
Chinese Lieutenant General Xi Qia began talks with the Japanese occupation representatives in Mukden, China.
|
|
23 Sep 1933
|
history
|
WW2
|
Adolf Hitler made an announcement in Nürnberg, Germany stressing the importance of separating the functions of the Nazi SA organization and the German Army.
|
|
23 Sep 1935
|
history
|
WW2
|
Light carrier Hosho's flight was damaged in a typhoon while participating in the annual Combined Fleet Maneuver exercise.
|
|
23 Sep 1937
|
history
|
WW2
|
Chiang Kaishek officially announced a united front between Nationalist Party and Communist Party forces against Japan.
|
|
23 Sep 1938
|
history
|
WW2
|
In the evening, Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler met again in Bad Godesberg, Germany. Hitler demanded Czechoslovakia to leave the Sudetenland area by 28 Sep 1938; Chamberlain expressed frustration that Hitler was now demanding more than what had originally been discussed; after some heated discussion, Hitler returned to the original demand of 1 Oct 1938.
|
|
23 Sep 1938
|
history
|
WW2
|
Walter Grabmann claimed 3 kills in Spain, an I-15 fighter, an I-16 fighter, and a SB-2 bomber.
|
|
23 Sep 1939
|
history
|
WW2
|
In Hunan Province, China, Japanese Army 6th Division crossed the Sinchiang River at dawn, followed by a similar crossing by another division at 0620 hours at Yingtian (now Miluo). Also on the same day, naval vessels landed Japanese Navy Shanghai Special Naval Landing Force and Japanese Army 3rd Division east of the city of Changsha. Surrounded on three sides, Chinese troops fell back to prevent encirclement, opening the way to Changsha.
|
|
23 Sep 1939
|
history
|
WW2
|
Émile Bertin embarked 57 tons of Polish gold at Syria-Lebanon.
|
|
23 Sep 1939
|
history
|
WW2
|
German police began confiscating radios from Jews.
|
|
23 Sep 1939
|
history
|
WW2
|
German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop expressed approval for the Soviet proposal on the partition of Poland. Meanwhile, at Krasnobrod, Poland, three squadrons of the Nowgrodek Cavalry Brigade attacked and surprised the German 8th Infantry Division which had entrenched on a hill. The German made a disorderly retreat to a nearby town, hotly pursued by the Polish cavalry. Despite heavy losses from machine-gun fire the Poles secured the town, capturing the German divisional headquarters including General Rudolf Koch-Erpach and about 100 other German soldiers. In addition forty Polish prisoners were freed. During the action Lieutenant Tadeusz Gerlecki, commanding the second squadron, defeated a German cavalry unit - one of the last battles in military history between opposing cavalry.
|
|
23 Sep 1940
|
history
|
WW2
|
Japanese troops invaded Indochina despite French agreement to Japanese demands during negotiations on the previous day.
|
|
23 Sep 1940
|
history
|
WW2
|
Operation Menace: General Charles de Gaulle arrived with 3,600 Free French troops at Dakar, French West Africa held by Vichy France; his forces were supported by 4,300 British troops and a powerful fleet. The Vichy French forces imprisoned the crew of two Free French aircraft that had landed at Dakar, and then fired upon a boat containing Free French personnel approaching to negotiate (wounding 2). At 1000 hours, British warships approached the harbor, and were also fired upon (killing 5). At 1130 hours, British ships fell back out of the range of shore batteries; at about the same time, Vichy French submarine Persee was sunk while attempting to torpedo the cruiser Dragon. In the afternoon, cruiser HMAS Australia attacked Vichy French destroyer L'Audacieux, forcing her to beach after 81 were killed. De Gualle's first attempt at a landing, at Rufisque Bay, was repulsed, and he began to show reluctance of killing fellow countrymen. Having heard of this sentiment, Winston Churchill urged de Gaulle to "top at nothing".
|
|
23 Sep 1940
|
history
|
WW2
|
The United Kingdom received 7 American destroyers at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
|
|
23 Sep 1940
|
history
|
WW2
|
British submarine H-49 sank German ship Heimdal 7 miles northwest of Terschelling Island, the Netherlands.
|
|
23 Sep 1940
|
history
|
WW2
|
King George VI of the United Kingdom instituted the George Cross award as the equivalent of the Victoria Cross for civilians.
|
|
23 Sep 1940
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS R-1 was recommissioned into service.
|
|
23 Sep 1940
|
history
|
WW2
|
Bantam delivered a prototype, officially named the "Pilot" but nicknamed the "Blitz Buggy", to the US Army vehicle test center at Camp Holabird, Maryland, United States for a requirement that would result in the Jeep.
|
|
23 Sep 1940
|
history
|
WW2
|
The British RAF Bomber Command sent 129 bombers for a night raid against Berlin, Germany, causing minimal damage.
|
|
23 Sep 1940
|
history
|
WW2
|
Werner Mölders was presented Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross medal by Adolf Hitler in Berlin, Germany.
|
|
23 Sep 1940
|
history
|
WW2
|
Two German raids approached London, England, United Kingdom at 0930 hours and 1730 hours, but few aircraft reached London, turned back by RAF fighters; the Germans lost 10 Bf 109 and 1 Bf 110 fighters, while the British lost 11 fighters. Overnight, German bombers attacked London and Liverpool.
|
|
23 Sep 1941
|
history
|
WW2
|
German Stuka dive bombers attacked Soviet warships at Kronstadt near Leningrad, Russia, hitting battleship Marat (already sunk in shallow water on 21 Sep 1941) with two bombs, igniting the forward magazine. The shipyard in Leningrad were also attacked, sinking submarines P-2 and M-74; cruisers Maksim Gorki and Kirov were also attacked.
|
|
23 Sep 1941
|
history
|
WW2
|
The German authorities in Paris, France issued a decree that stated that any French man concealing or assisting a British Airman would be shot, and any woman would be sent to a concentration camp.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
Armed resistance was met by the Germans during the liquidation of the Tutzin ghetto in western Ukraine.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
Leslie Groves was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
US Marines began to move toward Matanikau River on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
In northern Germany, 83 British Lancaster bombers attacked Wismar (4 were lost), 28 Halifax bombers attacked Flensburg (5 were lost), and 24 Stirling bombers attacked Vegesack (1 was lost).
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
East African 22nd Infantry Brigade captured Tananarive (now Antananarivo), Madagascar.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
German submarine U-617 attacked Allied convoy SC-100 200 miles east of the southern tip of Greenland just after the start of the day, sinking British tanker Athelsultan at 0019 hours (51 were killed, 10 survived) and British merchant ship Tennessee at 0142 hours (15 were killed, 20 survived. At 0026 hours, U-211 sank US tanker Esso Williamsburg 500 miles south of Greenland; most of the 60 aboard were killed, and the few survivors never reached land. 580 miles southeast of Newfoundland, U-582 sank Norwegian merchant ship Vibran; all 48 aboard were killed. At 0615 hours, U-515 sank Norwegian ship Lindvangen off British Guyana; 15 were killed, 8 survived. At 1103 hours, U-515 struck again in the same area, damaging US ship Antinous. British aircraft attacked German submarine U-177 on the surface off the Faroe Islands at 1330 hours, causing no damage but killed one. At 2334 hours, U-125 sank British ship Bruyère 380 miles southwest of Freetown, British West Africa after an 8-hour pursuit; all 55 aboard survived.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
Erwin Rommel departed North Africa for a six-week rest in Germany to recover from sinusitis, high blood pressure, and other ailments linked to the North African environment.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
Soviet submarine M-60 struck a mine and sank in the Black Sea off Odessa, Ukraine.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
Shokaku arrived at Truk, Caroline Islands.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS Finback departed Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii for her second war patrol.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
Australian destroyer HMAS Voyager ran aground at Betano Bay, East Timor at 1830 hours as she attempted to disembark Australian 2/4th Independent Company.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
Soviet 284th Rifle Division arrived in Stalingrad, Russia and was ferried across the Volga River to join the front lines as German troops attacked the landing site.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
Tiger I tanks saw combat for the first time, operated by German 502nd Tank Battalion near Leningrad, Russia.
|
|
23 Sep 1942
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS Whale departed San Francisco, California, United States.
|
|
23 Sep 1943
|
history
|
WW2
|
Red Army captured Poltava, Ukraine.
|
|
23 Sep 1943
|
history
|
WW2
|
Joseph Goebbels visited Adolf Hitler at Rastenburg, East Prussia, Germany. The two had dinner together, during which Adolf Hitler shared his belief that Winston Churchill would not be willing to consider peace offers coming from Germany.
|
|
23 Sep 1943
|
history
|
WW2
|
Indian 8th Infantry Division began to arrive at Taranto, Italy.
|
|
23 Sep 1943
|
history
|
WW2
|
Colonel Walter Schöll issued the complete evacuation of the coast near Naples, Italy within a day; the area had a population of over 200,000.
|
|
23 Sep 1943
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS Harder sank freighter Kowa Maru and tanker Daishin Maru off Nagoya Bay, Japan, hitting each with one torpedo; six torpedoes were expended in this attack.
|
|
23 Sep 1943
|
history
|
WW2
|
The Vilna Ghetto in Lithuania was liquidated.
|
|
23 Sep 1943
|
history
|
WW2
|
Shokaku departed Eniwetok, Marshall Islands for Truk, Caroline Islands.
|
|
23 Sep 1943
|
history
|
WW2
|
Colonel Pyotr P. Timofeev was named the Soviet counterintelligence agency GUKR SMERSH's chief within the Steppe Front.
|
|
23 Sep 1943
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS Gar entered Mare Island Naval Shipyard, California, United States for overhaul.
|
|
23 Sep 1943
|
history
|
WW2
|
The keel of submarine Brill was laid down by the Electric Boat Company in Groton, Connecticut, United States.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
Canadian troops formed a bridgehead across the Escaut Canal in Belgium.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
Franklin Roosevelt denounced Republican Party attacks during a speech at the Teamster's Union dinner; the Republicans had accused Roosevelt of inappropriately using a US Navy destroyer to fetch his pet dog Fala, abusing his presidential powers.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
The tiny republic of San Marino in northern Italy declared war on Germany after its 300-man army was rounded up by a mere platoon of German soldiers.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
The Republic of China established the Order of Loyalty and Diligence.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
Patrick Hurley asked Chiang Kaishek to accept communist assistance in the war against Japan; Chiang rejected the request.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS Ray departed Fremantle, Australia for her sixth war patrol.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
Jewish prisoners of concentration camp in Kluga, Estonia were massacred.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
After a six-day siege, Canadian troops forced the German troops at Boulogne, Pas-de-Calais, France to surrender. The Canadians suffered 634 casualties and captured 9,500 prisoners (many driven from their bunkers by driving flame down the ventilation shafts).
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
Soviet and Romanian forces entered Hungary just beyond Arad, Romania. Hungarian Baron Ede Atzel led a delegation across the Soviet front lines in an attempt to negotiate an armistice.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
Irako dropped anchor between Tangat Island and Lusong Island just off the southern coast of Busuanga, Philippine Islands.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
Allied convoy JW-60 arrived at the Kola Inlet near Murmansk, Russia.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS Charr was commissioned into service at 1030 hours at the US Submarine Base, New London, Connecticut, United States with Commander Francis Boyle in command.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
Joseph Rochefort was promoted to the rank of captain. His superior Joseph Redman sent him a three-word letter "Delivered with congratulations" for this occasion.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS Boarfish was commissioned into service with Commander Royce L. Gross in command.
|
|
23 Sep 1944
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS Croaker completed her refitting at Midway and began her second war patrol.
|
|
23 Sep 1945
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS Whale arrived at the Tompkinsville area of Staten Island, New York, United States.
|
|
23 Sep 1947
|
history
|
WW2
|
USS Missouri entered New York Naval Shipyard in New York, United States for a scheduled overhaul.
|
|
23 Sep 1949
|
history
|
WW2
|
US President Harry S. Truman announced to the world that there was positive evidence that the Soviet Union had detonated an atomic bomb; this highlighted the fact that the US monopoly of nuclear weapons had ended and marked the beginning of East-West confrontation known as the Cold War.
|
|
23 Sep 1960
|
history
|
RELIGIOUS
|
While mourning the recent death of his wife Joy Davidman, English apologist C.S. Lewis wrote in a letter: 'My great recent discovery is that when I mourn Joy least I feel nearest to her. Passionate sorrow cuts us off from the dead.'
|
|