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History on the 18th of November

History
Date Text
18 Nov 1095 RELIGIOUS Pope Urban II opened the Council of Clermont. Summoned to plan the First Crusade, it was attended by over 200 bishops. Among its official policies, the Council decreed that a pilgrimage to Jerusalem made every other penance superfluous.
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18 Nov 1302 RELIGIOUS Pope Boniface VIII published the bull "Unam Sanctam." It was the first papal writing to decree that spiritual power took precedent over temporal power, and that subjection to the pope was necessary to salvation.
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18 Nov 1626 RELIGIOUS In Rome, the newly completed St Peter's Basilica was consecrated by Urban VIII. St. Peter's is presently the largest church in Christendom, with a length of 619 feet.
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18 Nov 1866 RELIGIOUS English devotional writer Katherine Hankey, 32, penned the verses that we sing today as the hymn, "I Love to Tell the Story."
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18 Nov 1911 WW2 Georg von Bismarck was promoted to the rank of Leutnant. 
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18 Nov 1911 WW2 British Commander Oliver Schwann (one of five officers permitted by the Admiralty to train as pilots) made the first British water-borne take off, although he crashed while trying to land on the water. It was left to Arthur Longmore to achieve success two weeks later in a Short S.27. 
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18 Nov 1915 WW2 Fuso was commissioned into service. 
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18 Nov 1918 WW2 USS Arizona departed Hampton Roads, Virginia, United States. 
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18 Nov 1918 WW2 The nation of Latvia was established. 
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18 Nov 1930 WW2 Song Ziwen stepped down as the acting chief of the Executive Yuan. 
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18 Nov 1931 WW2 Chinese troops under General Ma Zhanshan withdrew from Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China. 
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18 Nov 1932 WW2 Yun Bong-gil was transferred to a prison in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. 
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18 Nov 1932 WW2 Joseph Rochefort arrived at the Office of Naval Intelligence in Washington DC, United States. 
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18 Nov 1934 WW2 HMS Hermes departed Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom. 
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18 Nov 1936 WW2 Italy and Germany officially recognized General Franco's government in Spain. On the same day, Benito Mussolini authorized an Italian expeditionary corps to be sent to Spain. 
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18 Nov 1937 WW2 Birmingham was commissioned into service. 
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18 Nov 1938 WW2 Spanish Nationalist forces pushed Spanish Republican forces back across the River Ebro in Spain. 
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18 Nov 1940 WW2 Overnight, RAF bombers raided Gelsenkirchen in the Ruhr region of Germany, bombing the Scholven/Buer hydrogenation plant, which made aviation fuel, and Gelsenberg-Benzin-AG plant, which converted bituminous coal to synthetic oil. 
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18 Nov 1940 WW2 German submarine U-65 sank British tanker Congonian 125 miles west of Freetown, Sierra Leone at 1802 hours; 1 was killed and 35 survived. 
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18 Nov 1940 WW2 Italian submarine Baracca sank British ship Lilian Moller 250 miles northwest of Ireland, killing the entire crew. 
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18 Nov 1940 WW2 British cruiser HMS York departed Port Said, Egypt with a battalion of troops for Suda Bay, Crete, Greece, and anti-aircraft guns for Piraeus, Greece. 
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18 Nov 1940 WW2 HMS Edinburgh departed Faslane Naval Base on the Clyde, Scotland, United Kingdom to escort Allied convoy WS4B to Freetown, British West Africa. 
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18 Nov 1941 WW2 Japanese luxury ocean liner Hikawa Maru arrived at Yokohama, completing her 74th and last round trip across the Pacific. 
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18 Nov 1941 WW2 British, New Zealand, and Indian troops launched Operation Crusader, a major offensive from Egypt into Libya. Surprise was achieved, and the attack met no serious resistance on the first day. The Germans would later call this offensive Winterschlacht. After sundown, British cruisers HMS Naiad and HMS Euryalus and destroyers HMS Kipling and HMS Jackal bombarded German positions at Halfaya Pass. 
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18 Nov 1941 WW2 Five large Japanese carrier submarines, each containing midget submarines, departed from Kure Naval Base, Japan for Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii. Meanwhile, Joseph Rochefort's US Navy cryptanalytic team reported no Japanese carrier movement. 
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18 Nov 1941 WW2 Archer was commissioned into service. 
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18 Nov 1941 WW2 General John Dill, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal. 
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18 Nov 1941 WW2 Japan requested Germany to not conclude a separate peace with any common enemies of the two countries, but did not share its plans to attack the United States. 
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18 Nov 1941 WW2 The teams dispatched on the previous day out of Leningrad, Russia to Lake Ladoga returned to the besieged city at 0400 hours, reporting that the ice on the lake was about 10 centimeters thick, which made light travel possible, but not for heavy equipment such as 1-ton trucks. 
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18 Nov 1941 WW2 German 4th Panzer Army launched a 400-tank attack 70 miles west of Moscow, Russia, supported by 3 infantry divisions; Soviet 30th Army fell back northward to Klin, while Soviet 16th Army was pushed south to Istra. 120 miles south of Moscow, German 3rd Panzer Army was held up at Tula, with its latest attempt to surround the Soviet garrison there foiled by the newly-arrived Soviet 413th Rifle Division. 
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18 Nov 1942 WW2 Men of the US Army and US Marine attacked Japanese positions near Kokumbona and the Poha River at Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. 
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18 Nov 1942 WW2 Marshal Philippe Pétain signed a constitutional document permitting Prime Minister Pierre Laval to make laws and issue decrees on his own signature only. 
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18 Nov 1942 WW2 William Halsey was promoted to the rank of admiral. 
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18 Nov 1942 WW2 After an arduous march over rugged mountainous terrain, during which the Commanding Officer had suffered a heart attack, 2nd Battalion of US 126th Infantry Regiment reached Pongani, southeast of Buna, Australian Papua. Less than half the battalion were still fit for action. 
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18 Nov 1942 WW2 Destroyer Yukikaze arrived at Truk, Caroline Islands. 
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18 Nov 1942 WW2 Repair ship Akashi began repairing destroyers Murasame, Amatsukaze, and Asagumo at Truk, Caroline Islands. 
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18 Nov 1942 WW2 Gabriel Auphan resigned from his position as the head of the French Navy. 
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18 Nov 1942 WW2 I-168 arrived at Kure, Japan and entered drydock for repairs. 
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18 Nov 1942 WW2 About 1,000 Jews from ghettos of Grodno, Byelorussia arrived at Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland; 165 men and 65 women were registered, and about 770 were gassed. 
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18 Nov 1943 WW2 Chinese 57th Division attacked and recaptured the city of Changde. 
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18 Nov 1943 WW2 German troops captured Zhytomyr, Ukraine. 
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18 Nov 1943 WW2 Viktor Abakumov made the suggestion to Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov that German officers responsible for war crimes committed at Kharkov, Ukraine and Smolensk, Russia should be placed on trial. 
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18 Nov 1943 WW2 Vasilios Sachinis was executed by Albanian communists. 
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18 Nov 1943 WW2 Lieutenant Colonel Joe Smoak dismissed Gregory Boyington as the commanding officer of US Marine Corps squadron VMF-214. Fellow squadron mate Frank Walton advised Boyington to see the chief of staff of the wing Brigadier General James Moore; Moore would reinstate Boyington immediately. 
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18 Nov 1943 WW2 12 American and 80 Chinese agents of the Sino-American Cooperative Organization (SACO) departed their headquarters in Chongqing, China to set up Camp Four, a weather station in Xamba, Suiyuan Province, China. 
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18 Nov 1943 WW2 RAF Bomber Command launched a concerted series of attacks on the Berlin, Germany dubbed "Operation Berlin". During the first attack, more than 700 tons of bombs were dropped. Over a five-month period, Berlin is attacked 32 times and hit by 25,000 tons of bombs, killing more than 6,000 and leaving 1.5 million homeless; RAF lost 1,047 aircraft during the five-month bombing campaign. 
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18 Nov 1943 WW2 Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller was mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht daily radio report. 
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18 Nov 1943 WW2 Barbers Point Naval Air Station: Part of 95th Construction Battalion (95th SeaBees) departed. 
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18 Nov 1943 WW2 USS Bluefish sank Japanese destroyer Sanae and damaged an oiler in the Celebes Sea, hitting Sanae with 3 of 3 torpedoes fired and the oil with 1 of 3 torpedoes fired. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 Japanese hospital ship Hikawa Maru arrived at Singapore. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 USS Sunfish sank Japanese transport Seisho Maru in the East China Sea at 0317 hours. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 Adolf Eichmann ordered the deportation of 18,000 Jews from Budapest, Hungary to concentration camps. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 US Third Army entered Germany proper. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 US XX Corps surrounded Metz, France. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 The Ki-83 heavy fighter took its first flight. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 USS Astoria crossed the International Date Line. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 Antrup Wilhelm was awarded Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 Heinrich Höfer was awarded Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 The C-0101 transport aircraft completed its first operational flight from Chongqing, China to Taipingsi Airport in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 USS Snook arrived at Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii, ending her seventh war patrol. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 USS Pollack arrived at Pearl Harbor, US Territory of Hawaii. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 Barbers Point Naval Air Station: Air Group 23 on board. 
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18 Nov 1944 WW2 USS Shamrock Bay transited the Panama Canal. 
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18 Nov 1945 WW2 21 Nazi leaders were indicted at the first open session of the International Military War Crimes Tribunal in Germany. 
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18 Nov 1945 WW2 António de Oliveira Salazar retained his seat as the Prime Minister of Portugal in an re-election. 
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18 Nov 1947 WW2 Arthur Coningham was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange Nassau of the Netherlands. 
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18 Nov 1948 WW2 Iwane Matsui was sentenced to death by hanging. 
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18 Nov 1949 WW2 A Douglas C-47 Globemaster I aircraft of the USAF's MATS landed at RAF Marham, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom after a non-stop flight from the US. It carried a total of 103 passengers and crew, then the largest number of people carried across the North Atlantic in a single flight. 
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18 Nov 1966 RELIGIOUS This was the last required meatless Friday for American Roman Catholics, in accordance with a decree made by Pope Paul VI earlier this year.
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