Science on the 7th of July in history

Science

Date	Type	Text
07 Jul 1550 Chocolate	science	Chocolate In 1550, Europe introduced the first chocolate.
07 Jul 1668 Isaac Newton receives degree	science	Isaac Newton receives degree In 1668, Isaac Newton received his M.A. from Trinity College in Cambridge.
07 Jul 1676 clocks	science	clocks (technology) The first clocks using a form of deadbeat escapement, constructed by Thomas Tompion to a design by Richard Towneley, are installed at the Royal Greenwich Observatory.
07 Jul 1704 Pierre-Charles Le Sueur	science	death Pierre-Charles Le Sueur Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, French fur trader and explorer (born c. 1657)
07 Jul 1740 Claudius Amyand	science	death Claudius Amyand Died 7 Jul 1740 (born c. 1685). English surgeon whose name is remembered in the term “Amyand's hernia” for an inguinal hernia with an appendix involved. In 1736, Amyand described a surgery for a hernia in an 11-year-old boy where the appendix, perforated by a pin, was within the hernia sac. It is regarded as the first recorded successful appendectomy, though the removal of the appendix was a secondary procedure to the hernia repair. (The first appendectomy which was the planned primary purpose of the procedure is usually credited to Lawson Tait, who performed the operation in May of 1880.) Amyand was Surgeon-in-Ordinary to King George II (1683-1760). He published interesting observations on rare surgical cases in the Philosophical Transactions.
07 Jul 1742 Goldbach's conjecture	science	Goldbach's conjecture In 1742, the Russian mathematician Christian Goldbach dated a letter to Leonhard Euler in which he presented his famous conjecture. Stated in modern terms, Goldberg's conjecture proposes that “Every even natural number greater than 2 is equal to the sum of two prime numbers.” It has been checked by computer for vast numbers - up to at least 4 x 1014 - but still remains unproved. Goldbach also studied infinite sums, the theory of curves and the theory of equations.
07 Jul 1746 Giuseppe Piazzi	science	birth Giuseppe Piazzi Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian Theatine monk, astronomer and mathematician (died 1826)
07 Jul 1752 Joseph Marie Jacquard	science	birth Joseph Marie Jacquard Born 7 Jul 1752; died 7 Aug 1834 at age 82. French weaver and inventor of the Jacquard programmable power loom for brocaded fabric. His loom would mechanically produce any pattern, controlled by perforated control cards (1805). This served as the impetus for the technological revolution of the textile industry and is the basis of the modern automatic loom. The concept of using punched cards was later applied by Hollerith to keeping track of the 1890 US census data. The idea further evolved to computer input punched cards.
07 Jul 1816 Rudolf Wolf	science	birth Rudolf Wolf Born 7 Jul 1816; died 6 Dec 1893 at age 77. Swiss astronomer and astronomical historian. Wolf's main contribution was the discovery of the 11 year sunspot cycle and he was the codiscoverer of its connection with geomagnetic activity on Earth. In 1849 he devised a system now known as Wolf's sunspot numbers. This system is still in use for studying solar activity by counting sunspots and sunspot groups. In mathematics, Wolf wrote on prime number theory and geometry, then later on probability and statistics - a long paper discussed Buffon's needle experiment. He estimated π by Monte Carlo methods.
07 Jul 1826 John Fowler	science	birth John Fowler John Fowler (died 1864), English agricultural engineer.
07 Jul 1831 Paul Moody	science	death Paul Moody Died 7 Jul 1831 at age 52 (born 23 May 1779). American inventor and mechanic of textile machinery, who collaborated with Francis Cabot Lowell, the principal founder of a the Boston Manufacturing Company textile mill at Waltham, Massachusetts. Moody oversaw the factory operations, but also worked with Lowell to develop an efficient power loom, the first constructed in the U.S. (1814), the “dead spindle” spinning apparatus, and other innovations. In 1823, he became an investor and began working at the newly founded Merrimack Company in Lowell, Massacusetts to manufacture calico. By contributing a substantial number of patented improvements in textile machinery, he was important in the development of the textile industry in New England.
07 Jul 1837 Sir Morell Mackenzie	science	birth Sir Morell Mackenzie Born 7 Jul 1837; died 3 Feb 1892 at age 54. English laryngologist, who, as Britain's leading specialist, was at the centre of a bitter international controversy over the death of Emperor Frederick III of Germany. In his book, The Fatal Illness Of Frederick The Noble (1888), Mackenzie describes his care of laryngeal cancer in the Crown Prince, later Emperor Frederick the Noble. He had been accused of medical malpractice by German physicians following the emperor's death on 15 Jun 1888. The book not only decribes laryngology at the end of the 19th century, but also offers hidden insight into German history, as well as a soap opera complete with scheming and attempts at character assassination.
07 Jul 1843 Camillo Golgi	science	birth Camillo Golgi Born 7 Jul 1843; died 21 Jan 1926 at age 82. Italian physician and cytologist who, in 1873, published his key discovery, the use of silver salts to stain samples for microscope slides. Thus new details of cellular structure components were revealed, still known by such names as the Golgi complex. Golgi distinguished different types of nerve cells in the brain (Golgi cells) and described the complex structure of a network of tubules and granules in the cytoplasm of most cells (the Golgi body or apparatus) that is now known to be involved in secretion. Investigations into the fine structure of the nervous system earned him (with the Spanish histologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal) the 1906 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
07 Jul 1851 Lillien Jane Martin	science	birth Lillien Jane Martin Born 7 Jul 1851; died 26 Mar 1943 at age 91. American psychologist who followed up her academic career with an active second career in gerontological psychology. Martin was determined to work in psychology though as a pioneer woman in psychology, she faced obstacles including age, as well as gender discrimination. Her determination was eventually rewarded with an honorary Ph.D. from a school that originally refused her a degree because of her sex. Martin worked with G.E. Muller in psychophysics, and founded the world's first mental health clinic for normal children and for the elderly. Her accomplishments and enthusiastic eagerness to share knowledge have changed the way applied psychology is viewed in areas of gerontology and mental hygiene for children.
07 Jul 1855 Faraday on River Thames pollution	science	Faraday on River Thames pollution In 1855, a letter from Michael Faraday in The Times newspaper, London, described the polluted state of the River Thames he had observed on a boat trip: “The whole of the river was an opaque pale brown fluid. In order to test the degree of opacity, I ... dropped [pieces of card] into the water at every pier the boat came to; before they had sunk an inch below the surface they were indistinguishable, though the sun shone brightly at the time.” His words, he said, were no exaggeration, they were “the simple truth.” He asserted, “If there be sufficient authority to remove a putrescent pond from the neighbourhood of a few simple dwellings, surely the river which flows for so many miles through London ought not to be allowed to become a fermenting sewer.”
07 Jul 1858 Sidney A. Weltmer	science	birth Sidney A. Weltmer Born 7 Jul 1858; died 6 Dec 1930 at age 72. Sidney Abram Weltmer was an American author who founded the Weltmer Institute of Suggestive Therapeutics (19 Feb 1897), offering to gullible patients healing based on thought transference and “magnetic healing.” Medical professionals and theologians denounced him for quackery. He offered instruction in his methods by correspondence courses. When the U.S. Postmaster General identified (1900) Welmer's medical self-help by mail as an outright fraudulent scheme, mail delivery to his institute was blocked. Remarkably, the U.S. Supreme Court decided against the Post Office. He was still publically called a charlatan, and the Missouri State Supreme Court ruled against him in a libel case he pursued to silence his vocal critics. Welmer wrote books, published many pamphlets and Weltner's Magazine promoting his pseudoscience, and managed to keep operating his Institute until his death.
07 Jul 1861 Nettie Maria Stevens	science	birth Nettie Maria Stevens Born 7 Jul 1861; died 4 May 1912 at age 50. American geneticist who was born in the year that the Civil War began, and despite difficult times and limited women's educational opportunities, became one of the first American women to achieve recognition for her contributions to scientific research. As a cell biologist and geneticist, her great contribution to science was as one of the first scientists to find that sex is determined by a single difference between two classes of sperm - the presence or absence of an X chromosome.
07 Jul 1885 Cartridge-loading machine	science	Cartridge-loading machine In 1885, G. Moore Peters of Xenia, OH, patented the cartridge-loading machine.
07 Jul 1891 Travelers cheque	science	Travelers cheque In 1891, a patent was granted for the travelers cheque
07 Jul 1899 Anna Baetjer	science	birth Anna Baetjer Anna Baetjer (died 1984), American toxicologist.
07 Jul 1905 Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin	science	birth Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin Marie-Louise Dubreil-Jacotin (died 1972), mathematician
07 Jul 1907 Robert A. Heinlein	science	birth Robert A. Heinlein Robert A. Heinlein (died 1988), American hard science fiction author.
07 Jul 1914 Goddard's first rocket patent	science	Goddard's first rocket patent In 1914, Robert Goddard, age 31, was issued a U.S. patent, the first of the 214 he would obtain in his lifetime as a pioneer rocket scientist. This patent was for a “Rocket Apparatus” (U.S. No. 1,102,653) which described the multi-stage rocket concept. A liquid-fueled rocket design was issued a patent the following week, on 14 Jul 1914, also titled “Rocket Apparatus.” It described a combustion chamber, with expander nozzle, into which liquid fuels are pumped. This was his second rocket patent. On 16 Mar 1926, his test launch, the first ever of a liquid-fuelled rocket, managed to propel a 10-ft long projectile to a height of 41-ft (12.5 m). Its 2.5 second flight covered a distance of 184-ft at an average speed of 60-mph. The fuel was a combination of liquid oxygen and gasoline.
07 Jul 1920 Radio compass	science	Radio compass In 1920, a device known as the radio compass was used for the first time on a U.S. Navy airplane near Norfolk, Virginia on this day.
07 Jul 1927 Magnus Gösta Mittag-Leffler	science	death Magnus Gösta Mittag-Leffler Died 7 Jul 1927 at age 81 (born 16 Mar 1846). Swedish mathematician who founded the international mathematical journal Acta Mathematica and whose contributions to mathematical research helped advance the Scandinavian school of mathematics. Mittag-Leffler made numerous contributions to mathematical analysis (concerned with limits and including calculus, analytic geometry and probability theory). He worked on the general theory of functions, concerning relationships between independent and dependent variables. His best known work concerned the analytic representation of a one-valued function, this work culminated in the Mittag-Leffler theorem.
07 Jul 1928 Chillicothe, Missouri	science	Chillicothe, Missouri (technology) The first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread is sold in Chillicothe, Missouri, using Otto Frederick Rohwedder's technology.
07 Jul 1930 Boulder Dam construction begins	science	Boulder Dam construction begins In 1930, construction began on the site infrastructure for construction of Boulder Dam (Hoover Dam). What had taken decades to come to a political resolution, took only five years more to become a reality. It took the labour of 21,000 men to produce what is now the second-highest dam in the country. The concrete gravity-arch dam on the Colorado River bewteen Nevada and Arizona, impounds Lake Mead, the largest U.S. reservioir. It generates electricity, supplies water to California cities and irrigation to support farming, as well as flood control. Bids for construction were opened on 11 Mar 1931, and awarded to Six Companies, Inc., for $48,890,995. On 6 Jun 1933, the first concrete was poured. It was dedicated on 30 Sep 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
07 Jul 1930 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle	science	death Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Died 7 Jul 1930 at age 71 (born 22 May 1859). Scottish author and physician whose fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes, emulates the scientist, diligently searching through data and to make sense of it. “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.” His medical degree was awarded at the University of Edinburgh, where he studied under noted surgeon Joseph Bell. After serving as the doctor on an Arctic whaling ship, he practiced in England for a short time as a physician, with little income. So he turned to writing. He was active as a social reformer, and spoke to the Committee on the Daylight Saving Bill in 1908 advocating its adoption. Later in life he was a convert to spiritualism, and requested burial in an upright position in the garden of his home.
07 Jul 1936 Phillips-head screw	science	Phillips-head screw In 1936, several U.S. patents were issued for the Phillips-head screw and screwdriver to its inventor, Henry F. Phillips (Nos. 2,046,343, 2,046,837 -40). They describe a fastening system involving a shallow cruciform recess and a matching driver with a tapering tip that conveniently self-centers in the screw head. Phillips founded the Phillips Screw Company to license his patents. After three years of rejection, he finally persuaded the American Screw Company to spend $500,000 developing a manufacturing process and manufacture the screws. General Motors was convinced to use the screws on its 1936 Cadillac. By 1940 virtually every American automaker had switched to Phillips screws.
07 Jul 1944 Ian Wilmut	science	birth Ian Wilmut Born 7 Jul 1944. English embryologist who in 1996 supervised the team of scientists that produced a lamb named Dolly, the first mammal cloned from a cell from an adult. Dolly birth at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, on 5 Jul 1996, was announced on 23 Feb 1997. The key work was performed by microbiologist Keith Campbell.
07 Jul 1954 Saul Dushman	science	death Saul Dushman Died 7 Jul 1954 at age 70 (born 12 Jul 1883). Russian-American physical chemist, a world leader in vacuum science and technology, a GE assistant director of research and author of several standard scientific textbooks. One example is Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique (1922). It is very readable and he gets to the hows and whys things work the way they do. One of the true classics, it was completely revised in 1961 by his colleague James Lafferty. Using a formula he derived, Dushman calculated the conductances for cylindrical tubes based on their measured dimensions and produced the table which he included in the book that is still used to design a vacuum system.
07 Jul 1965 First successful thumb replantation	science	First successful thumb replantation In 1965, the first successful surgery to replant a completely amputated thumb was accomplished by Shigeo Komatsu and Susumi Tamai. They used a surgical microscope to operate on a 28-yr-old man's thumb, which had been severed at the metacarpophalangeal level. They published their work in the Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in 1968. The surgeons had been working since 1959, with “many failures.” The way had been paved by Jacobson and Suarez who, in 1960, achieved anastomoses of 1mm diam. vessels under an operating microscope. A medical writer suggested the availability of 8/0 monofilament suture was the key to success by Komatsu and Tamai.. By 1992, they had replanted 331 digits at the Orthopaedic Clinic of Nara Medical University Hospital, Kashihara, Japan.
07 Jul 1966 George de Hevesy	science	death George de Hevesy George de Hevesy (born 1885), Hungarian winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
07 Jul 1974 Lyman C. Craig	science	death Lyman C. Craig Died 7 Jul 1974 at age 68 (born 12 Jun 1906). Lyman Creighton Craig was an American chemist who developed the counter-current distribution (CCD) method. Within five years of earning his Ph.D., he had designed and built a microdistillation apparatus (1936). Wartime research on antimarial drugs required identification of microgram amounts of an organic compound in a mixture, for which he devised a laboratory technique based on the distribution coefficient. He soon developed the CCD method for fractionation of complex mixtures with an apparatus that could simultaneously accomplish 20 quantitative extractions in a single step. A notable separation, from a difficult mixture, was the isolation and purified parathormone, the active principle of the parathyroid gland, achieved in 1960 with his colleagues. Craig also designed several other significant instruments, including his rotary evaporator, among others.
07 Jul 1975 Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes	science	death Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes Died 7 Jul 1975 at age 77 (born 2 Nov 1897). Norwegian-American meteorologist.
07 Jul 1981 Solar Challenger	science	Solar Challenger In 1981, the first solar-powered aircraft, Solar Challenger, crossed the English Channel.
07 Jul 1981 Electric aircraft	science	Electric aircraft (technology) Electric aircraft Solar Challenger, designed by an American team led by Paul MacCready and piloted by Stephen Ptacek, makes a 163 mile (262 km) crossing of the English Channel using only solar power from wing-mounted photovoltaic cells.
07 Jul 1983 Herman Kahn	science	death Herman Kahn Died 7 Jul 1983 at age 61 (born 15 Feb 1922). American physicist who worked on nuclear strategy as a military analyst (1948-61). Later, he became known as a futurist making controversial studies of nuclear warfare in his books, including his provocative analysis of nuclear war in On Thermonuclear War (1960) and his predictions of the probability and survivability of nuclear war in Thinking About the Unthinkable (1962). He held that since it might be possible to survive a nuclear war, it was essential to plan to do just that. Kahn founded the influential Hudson Institute in New York in 1961 to study aspects of national security related to narcotics policy, international economics and trade, population, transportation, crime, medicine.

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