Science on the 13th of November in history

Science

Date	Type	Text
13 Nov 1460 Prince Henry the Navigator	science	death Prince Henry the Navigator Died 13 Nov 1460 at age 66 (born 4 Mar 1394). Portuguese prince and navigator.
13 Nov 1606 Girolamo Mercuriale	science	death Girolamo Mercuriale Girolamo Mercuriale, Italian physician and historian (born 1530)
13 Nov 1713 minimax	science	minimax (mathematics) James Waldegrave provides the first known minimax mixed strategy solution to a two-person game, in a letter to de Montmort.
13 Nov 1715 Dorothea Erxleben	science	birth Dorothea Erxleben Dorothea Erxleben, German physician (died 1762)
13 Nov 1802 André Michaux	science	death André Michaux Died 13 Nov 1802 at age 56 (born 7 Mar 1746). French explorer, botanist and silviculturist who wrote the first book on the forest trees of America. After studying under Bernard de Jussieu, beginning in 1779, he began a series of explorations searching for and classifying new species of plants in England, France and the Pyrenees. Becoming French Consul in Persia led to full-time botanical explorations there (1782-85). Next, he travelled in North America for the French government to send back tree species suitable to transplant for naval shipbuilding. Jefferson provided him with letters of introduction as a scientist. In 1796, he lost notes and specimens in a shipwreck off Egmont, Holland. In 1801, while exploring Madagascar his health failed from the exertion and he died of a tropical fever.
13 Nov 1809 John Adolphus Bernard Dahlgren	science	birth John Adolphus Bernard Dahlgren Born 13 Nov 1809; died 12 Jul 1870 at age 60. American inventor of the smooth-bore cannon that was, from its shape, familiarly known as the “soda-water bottle.” The shape resulted from a design in which the thickness of metal was varied to match the differences in internal pressure occurring when the cannon was fired. The pressures were determined by boring holes in the walls of the gun and inserting as gauges such objects as pistons or musket balls. He developed the weapons primarily for use on small boats that patrolled the waterways. His iron smoothbores were adopted in 1850 (9-inch gun) and 1851 (11-inch gun). Although designed for use against wooden ships, the iron-clad Monitor class ships carried two of these guns in their turrets, which were replaced by the 15-inch Dahlgrens in 1862.
13 Nov 1841 James Braid	science	James Braid (human sciences) Surgeon James Braid attends his first demonstration of animal magnetism, which leads to his study of the subject he eventually calls hypnotism.
13 Nov 1851 submarine telegraph cable	science	submarine telegraph cable (technology) First protected submarine telegraph cable laid, across the English Channel.
13 Nov 1855 Channel tunnel proposed	science	Channel tunnel proposed In 1855, a proposal for a tunnel under the English Channel was reported in the New York Daily Times, which, according to French engineer M. Loèpold Favre, would in five years connect Boulogne to Dover. The 18½ mile (30-km) tunnel under the Channel would also need about 1½ mile (2-km) under the shores for each approach at the ends. Excavated at no less than 82-ft (25-m) below the sea bed, the tunnel would be lined with a double arch: one of granite and impermeable cement and an inner arch of thin, iron plates with perforations to reveal even slight leakage. Instead of smoke-producing locomotives, an atmospheric railway using a compressed air tube would carry passengers and freight such as coal. Ventilation shafts would rise above the highest water level in islands formed by excavated rock.
13 Nov 1866 Abraham Flexner	science	birth Abraham Flexner Born 13 Nov 1866; died 21 Sep 1959 at age 92. American educator who played a major role in the introduction of modern medical and science education to American colleges and universities. Founder and director of a progressive college- preparatory school in Louisville (1890-1904), Flexner issued an appraisal of American educational institutions (The American College: A Criticism; 1908) that earned him a Carnegie Foundation commission to survey the quality of the 155 medical colleges in the U.S. and Canada. His report (1910) had an immediate and sensational impact on American medical education. Many of the colleges that were severely criticized by Flexner closed soon after publication of the report; others initiated extensive revisions of their policies and curricula.
13 Nov 1881 Ludwig Koch	science	birth Ludwig Koch Ludwig Koch (died 1974), German Jewish animal sound recordist.
13 Nov 1893 Edward A. Doisy	science	birth Edward A. Doisy Born 13 Nov 1893; died 23 Oct 1986 at age 92. Edward Adelbert Doisy was an American biochemist who shared (with Henrik Dam) the 1943 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his isolation and synthesis of vitamin K, a substance that encourages blood clotting (1939), used in medicine and surgery. With the embryologist Edgar Allen (1922-34), he developed assay techniques that facilitated research on sex hormones. Doisy and his associates isolated the sex hormones estrone (theelin, 1929; the first estrogen to be crystallized), estriol (theelol, 1930), and estradiol (dihydrotheelin, 1935). In 1936-39 he isolated two forms of the vitamin, (K1 from lucerne seed and K2 from fish meal, in a pure crystalline form), determined their chemical structures, and synthesized the vitamin.
13 Nov 1897 Tilly Edinger	science	birth Tilly Edinger Tilly Edinger (died 1967), paleoneurologist.
13 Nov 1907 Rear-Admiral Dennis Cambell	science	birth Rear-Admiral Dennis Cambell Born 13 Nov 1907; died 6 Apr 2000 at age 92. English naval aviator, test pilot and inventor of the angled flight deck which gives pilots a second chance when landing on an aircraft carrier. Like any great invention, this idea was outstandingly simple. Without it, pilots landing on a straight deck depended on his plane's tail-hook catching a steel arrester wire across the flight deck to stop before crashing into the barrier and aircraft parked at the far end. Cambell's idea meant that aircraft which failed to stop had a clear escape and could "bolt" under reapplied throttle over the port bow. The US Navy first adopted the idea and made such structural alterations to the carrier Antietam. The British Admiralty, impressed by that ship's field tests, then converted their new large carrier Ark Royal and appointed Cambell as Captain.
13 Nov 1916 Percival Lowell	science	death Percival Lowell Percival Lowell (born 1855), American astronomer.
13 Nov 1927 Holland Tunnel opened	science	Holland Tunnel opened In 1927, the Holland Tunnel opened for vehicular traffic as the first twin tube subaqueous vehicular tunnel in the U.S. It joined Jersey City, N.J. and New York City, N.Y. The day before, after an opening ceremony, in the next hour 20,000 people walked the 9,250 feet length of the tunnel from shore to shore, of which 5,480-ft runs under the river. Named after its engineer, Clifford Holland, the tunnel carries 1,900 vehicles per hour. The air in the tubes is changed 42 times an hour, at the rate of 3,761,000 cubic feet per minute. The first subaqueous highway single tube tunnel in the U.S. was the 1,520-ft long Washington Street Tunnel beneath the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois, which was first authorized 17 Jul 1866, though it did not carry automobile traffic until 1911.
13 Nov 1930 Rotolactor	science	Rotolactor In 1930, the Rotolactor, invented by Henry W. Jeffries, was housed in the lactorium of the Walker Gordon Laboratory Company, Inc., at Plainsboro, N.J. This was a 50-stall revolving platform that enabled the milking of 1,680 cows in seven hours by rotating them into position with the milking machines. A Rotolactor was displayed at the 1939 New York World's Fair as part of the "Dairy World of Tomorrow," exhibit in the Borden building. The glass-enclosed revolving Rotolactor platform carried 150 pedigreed cows were washed, dried, and mechanically milked twice daily. A favorite attraction of the Food Zone, the Rotolactor epitomized how technology advanced the production of such a widely-used product as milk.
13 Nov 1942 Robert Remak	science	death Robert Remak Robert Remak, German mathematician, in Auschwitz (born 1888)
13 Nov 1946 Artificial snow	science	Artificial snow In 1946, artificial snow from a natural cloud was produced over Mount Greylock, Mass., for the first time in the U.S. An airplane spread small pellets of dry-ice (frozen carbon dioxide) for three miles at a height of 14,000 ft. Although the snow fell an estimated 3,000 feet, it evaporated as it fell through dry air, and never reached the ground. The experiment was carried out by Vincent J. Schaefer of the General Electric Company. Earlier the same year, he had produced snow in a cold chamber, on 12 Jul 1946.
13 Nov 1953 Herbert E. Ives	science	death Herbert E. Ives Died 13 Nov 1953 at age 71 (born 31 Jul 1882). Herbert Eugene Ives was an American physicist and inventor of transmission of mechanical video pictures. Research into a television process by the AT&T Co. at Bell Laboratories, New York was under the direction of Dr. Herbert E. Ives. On 7 Apr 1927, live images of Commerce Secretary Hoover were transmitted in the first successful long distance demonstration of television, sent from Washington D.C. to New York, over long distance wires. On 27 June 1929 the first public demonstration of color TV showed images are a bouquet of roses and an American flag using a mechanical system was used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington. A two-way video telephone was first demonstrated in 1930 by Ives in New York City.
13 Nov 1971 Mars satellite	science	Mars satellite In 1971, Mariner-9, the first man-made object to orbit another planet, entered Martian orbit. The mission of the unmanned craft was to return photographs mapping 70% of the surface, and to study the planet's thin atmosphere, clouds, and hazes, together with its surface chemistry and seasonal changes.
13 Nov 1971 Mariner program	science	Mariner program (astronomy and space ) Mariner program: Mariner 9 enters Mars orbit.
13 Nov 1990 web	science	web (computer science) The first known web page is written.
13 Nov 1998 1,000th pulsar	science	1,000th pulsar In 1998, the discovery of the 1,000th pulsar in our galaxy was announced in a press release by the Jodrell Bank Observatory, University of Manchester, using the 64-meter Parkes Radio Telescope in New South Wales, Australia. A “multibeam” receiver was installed on the telescope in early 1997. This allowed the astronomers from England, Australia, United States, and Italy to find pulsars much faster than before. On average, they found a new pulsar in every hour of observing. By this date, the researchers had found more than 200 pulsars and they expected to find another 600 more before the survey ended. The “multibeam” receiver used consists of 13 hexagonally arranged receivers that allow simultaneous observations.
13 Nov 1998 Helen Herrick Malsed	science	death Helen Herrick Malsed Died 13 Nov 1998 (born 1910). American toy inventor who created a number of games and toys, most notably toys based on the already popular Slinky, such as the Slinky Dog and the Slinky Train.
13 Nov 1999 Sir Vivian Ernest Fuchs	science	death Sir Vivian Ernest Fuchs Died 13 Nov 1999 at age 91 (born 11 Feb 1908). English geologist and explorer who initiated and led (with Sir Edmund Hillary) the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1957-58. In 1929 and 1930-31, Fuchs participated as a geologist on expeditions to East Greenland and the East African lakes. In 1958 Fuchs's 12-man party completed the first land journey across Antarctica in 99 days despite severe hardships, travelling 2,500 miles (4,000 kilometres) from the Filchner Ice Shelf to McMurdo Sound. Along the way a substantial scientific programme had been accomplished, including seismic soundings and a gravity traverse. The findings of the expedition confirmed earlier theories that a single continent exists beneath the Antarctic polar ice sheet.

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Science on the 13th of November in history

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