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History on the 12th of October

History
Date Text
12 Oct 1518 RELIGIOUS Summoned before Cardinal Thomas Cajetan, German reformer Martin Luther, 35, refused to recant the 95 theses he had posted the previous October on the chapel door at Wittenberg Castle.
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12 Oct 1812 RELIGIOUS The Half Moon Bluff Baptist Church was organized near Clifton. It was the first Baptist congregation to be constituted in the American territory now comprising the state of Louisiana.
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12 Oct 1883 RELIGIOUS Birth of C. Harold Lowden, American sacred composer. His most enduring hymn tunes today are GENEVA ("God Who Touchest Earth with Beauty") and LIVING ("Living for Jesus a Life That is True").
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12 Oct 1916 WW2 British pilot Raymond Collishaw, later the highest-scoring Royal Navy Air Service ace, gained the first of his 60 aerial victories. 
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12 Oct 1918 WW2 Douglas MacArthur was injured by a German chemical weapon. 
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12 Oct 1919 WW2 Doris Miller was born. 
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12 Oct 1922 WW2 Ioannis Metaxas found the Freethinkers' Party in Greece. 
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12 Oct 1926 WW2 He Yingqin was named the commanding officer of the 1st Cadet Regiment consisted of trainees of the Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. 
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12 Oct 1936 WW2 The first Soviet aid to the Spanish Republicans arrived. Meanwhile, the Republican submarine B5 was sunk by Nationalist aircraft off the coast near Malaga, Spain. 
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12 Oct 1937 WW2 Japanese troops captured Gouxian, Shanxi, China. 
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12 Oct 1937 WW2 Gao Zhihang, flying a stripped down Hawk III fighter, he shot down a Japanese E8N floatplane in the morning and an A5M fighter over Nanjing, China. Three other A5M fighters counterattacked him, but Gao was able to evade, with his returning fire fatally wounding the pilot of one of the three A5M fighters. The pilot would be able to land his aircraft before dying. Gao was denied the score of the third victory of the day as the captured A5M was secretly sent to the Soviet Union for study in a deal struck between Nanjing and Moscow. 
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12 Oct 1937 WW2 Liu Cuigang, flying a modified Hawk III fighter, shared the downing of two E8N seaplanes from seaplane carrier Kamoi over Nanjing, China in the morning. In the afternoon, he engaged in a fierce dogfight with a Japanese A5M fighter, ultimately downing it over a busy city district, which bolstered civilian morale. 
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12 Oct 1937 WW2 Yuan Baokang, flying a stripped-down Hawk III fighter, scored a victory on Lieutenant Nambu's E8N floatplane over Shanghai, China when the two aircraft collided with each other during the dogfight. The Japanese floatplane crashed and exploded, but Yuan was able to crash land near Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China. 
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12 Oct 1937 WW2 Hurricane prototype fighter K5083 took its final flight; on the same day, the first production Hurricane fighter took its first flight at Brooklands near Weybridge, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. 
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12 Oct 1937 WW2 Lieutenant-General Sir William Bartholomew was appointed General Officer Commanding, Northern Command with its Headquarters in York, England, United Kingdom. 
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12 Oct 1938 WW2 HMS Sikh (L82) was commissioned into service with Commander J. A. Giffard in command. 
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12 Oct 1938 WW2 Japanese troops captured Xinyang, Henan, China and began to plan for an attack south along the Pinhan Railway toward Wuhan, Hubei, China. 
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12 Oct 1938 WW2 Troops of the Japanese 5th Division, 18th Division, and 104th Division landed at Daya Bay 75 kilometers southeast of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; the landing operation was supported in the air by both Japanese Navy and Japanese Army aircraft, flying in from as far was Taiwan. 
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12 Oct 1939 WW2 Finland and Russia were deadlock in negotiations. 
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12 Oct 1939 WW2 German submarine U-48 sank French tanker Emile Miguet and British freighter Heronspool. 
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12 Oct 1939 WW2 First deportation of Jews from Austria and the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia to Poland took place. 
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12 Oct 1939 WW2 Fedor von Bock was appointed the commanding officer of the German Army Group B (Heeresgruppe B). 
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12 Oct 1939 WW2 Hans Frank is appointed Gauleiter of the General Government in occupied Poland. 
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12 Oct 1939 WW2 British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain rejected Adolf Hitler's proposal for a multi-power conference for peace made on 6 Oct 1939. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 A new German military mission was set up in Bucharest, Romania to direct the training program for the Romanian Army. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 German submarines U-48, U-59, and U-101 attacked Allied convoy HX.77 150 miles northwest of Ireland, sinking Norwegian tanker Davanger just after 0000 hours (17 killed, 12 survived), British ship Pacific Ranger at 1800 hours (entire crew of 55 survived), and Canadian steamer Saint Malô at 2325 hours (28 killed, 16 survived). 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 British minesweeping trawler HMS Resolvo hit a mine in the Thames estuary in southern England, wounding 2. She would be beached and abandoned the next day. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 Werner Mölders shot down three British Hurricane fighters over England, United Kingdom, bringing his total kills count to 51. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 The TsKB-57 prototype aircraft of the Soviet Ilyshin Il-2 Shturmovik ground attack aircraft design made its maiden flight. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 HMS Eagle was damaged by near misses from bombs released by Italian SM.79 bombers. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 Germany postponed Operation Sealion, the invasion of Britain, until the spring of 1941. Preparations and training for the invasion would be scaled back, but not eliminated, in order to put continuous pressure on Britain. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 US Navy awarded a contract for various construction projects immediately outside the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard in the Hawaiian Islands. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 Battle of Cape Passero: On the previous day, the British Mediterranean Fleet departed Malta after an escort mission, and was detected by Italian aircraft. At 0200 hours, Italian torpedo boats Ariel, Alcione, and Airone caught up with the fleet and attacked British cruiser HMS Ajax east of Malta; Ariel and Airone were sunk by Ajax. At 0215 hours, Ajax's radar detected Italian destroyers Artigliere and Aviere and opened fire, damaging Aviere and rendering Artigliere dead in the water; Artigliere returned fire and hit Ajax four times, damaging gun turrets and disabled the radar while killing 13 and wounding 20. Ajax was able to retire from the battle under her own power, while Artigliere was towed away by destroyer Camicia Nera. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 German Governor-General of occupied Poland Hans Frank ordered 138,000 Jews in Warsaw to move into the city's ghetto. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 German reconnaissance aircraft scouted England, United Kingdom between 0650 and 0900 hours, and then between 0900 and 1715 hours several raids attacked southern England, many of which reached London. During this day, Germans lost 9 Bf 109 fighters and 1 Ar 95 seaplane over the Dover Strait; the British lost 10 fighters with 4 pilots killed. Overnight, London received light bombing, while Birmingham and Coventry were also attacked. 
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12 Oct 1940 WW2 James Lacey shot down a German Bf 109 fighter over Britain. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 German 250th Infantry Division of Spanish volunteers was deployed on the River Volkhov near Leningrad, Russia. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 German troops captured Bryansk and Kaluga in Russia. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 Soviet submarine S8 was lost off Öland, Sweden in the Baltic Sea to unknown reason; all 48 aboard were killed. She presumably struck a mine. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 German submarine U-83 stopped Portuguese ship Corte Real 100 miles off Portugal at 1400 hours. Upon discovering that Corte Real was en route to Canada and Australia, the Germans removed the 42 crew members onto 3 lifeboats and then sunk Corte Real. U-83 towed the lifeboats for 3 hours toward Lisbon, Portugal before cutting the tow lines. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 German motor torpedo boats S41, S47, S53, S62, S104, and S105 attacked Allied convoy FN531 just off the coast of East Anglia, England, United Kingdom, sinking British ship Chevington (9 killed) and Norwegian ship Roy (3 killed). 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 In Operation Cultivate, British cruiser HMS Abdiel and destroyers HMS Hero, HMS Kipling, and HMS Nizam departed Alexandria, Egyupt for Tobruk, Libya. German submarine U-75 discovered them and attacked 35 miles west of Tobruk, sinking two landing craft which resulted in the killing of 34 Allied personnel and 2 Italian prisoners of war. U-75 picked up one survivor, whom would be delivered to Germany for interrogations. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 After dark, 118 British bombers took off to attack Hüls and Bremen, Germany. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 After dark, German bombers attacked Manchester, Clayton, Denton, and Oldham in England, United Kingdom, causing generally light damage. 23 were killed at Oldham. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 Heinz Guderian noted in his diary that snow continued to fall amidst the campaign in the Soviet Union. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 Paul von Kleist was mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht daily radio report. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 Alexander Löhr was mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht daily radio report. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 The American and Japanese Press announced that Tatsuta Maru would depart Yokohama, Japan for San Francisco, California, United States via Honolulu on 15 Oct 1941. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 Hans-Joachim Marseille scored his 24th and 25th kills as he shot down P-40 fighters piloted by Flying Officer H. G. Roberts and Sergeant Derek Scott over Bir Sheferzan, Libya. He also damaged another P-40 fighter on this day. 
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12 Oct 1941 WW2 11,000 Jews of Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine were massacred. 
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12 Oct 1942 WW2 George Kenney met with Kenneth Walker at Brisbane, Australia. 
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12 Oct 1942 WW2 Japanese cruiser Furutaka maneuvered herself in between flagship Aoba and American ships during Battle of Cape Esperance, saving the flagship but causing her own demise. 
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12 Oct 1942 WW2 Destroyer Yukikaze conducted a reconnaissance mission to Ndeni, Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands. 
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12 Oct 1942 WW2 USS Helena assisted in the sinking of Japanese heavy cruiser Furutaka and destroyer Fubuki. 
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12 Oct 1942 WW2 While in China, Milton Miles received a cable from Washington DC, United States informing him of his assignment to the OSS. The cable contained very little detail on what this assignment entailed. 
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12 Oct 1942 WW2 Pile driving for Dock No. 4 at Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, US Territory of Hawaii, began. 
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12 Oct 1942 WW2 Winston Churchill was presented at Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom with the Freedom of the City. 
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12 Oct 1942 WW2 The Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Policy) distributed a memorandum formally announcing the British Cabinet's decision to conduct unrestricted air warfare against Germany, Italy and Japan. 
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12 Oct 1943 WW2 German 250th Infantry Division of Spanish volunteers began to be pulled from the front lines two days after Franco ordered their return. 
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12 Oct 1943 WW2 An Allied convoy sailing through the planned path of USS Dorado reported no submarine contacts. 
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12 Oct 1943 WW2 USS Cero attacked a Japanese convoy consisted of three freighters escorted by two destroyers, damaging one freighter; nine torpedoes were expended. 
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12 Oct 1943 WW2 8 squadrons of bombers launched from Dobodura Airfield, Australian Papua, with escorting US and Australian fighters, attacked Rapopo Airfield, Vunakanau Airfield, and Tobera Airfield at Rabaul, New Britain. The Allies lost 3 B-24, 1 B-25, and 1 Beaufighter aircraft. The Japanese suffered eight damaged ships (transport Tsukushi, oiler Naruto, destroyer Mochizuki, destroyer Minazuki, destroyer Tachikaze, submarine I-7, submarine I-80, and submarine RO-105), six transports sunk, 4 A6M aircraft destroyed, 9 A6M aicraft damaged, and some fuel dumps destroyed. 
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12 Oct 1943 WW2 Irako arrived at Truk, Caroline Islands at 0500 hours. 
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12 Oct 1943 WW2 Lorraine arrived at Dakar, French West Africa. 
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12 Oct 1943 WW2 US Fifth Army launched a second offensive on the Volturno River, Italy. Albert Kesselring ordered German troops on the Volturno Line to fall back to the Barbara Line. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 USS Trepang claimed damaging a Japanese battleship and sinking one destroyer during an attack conducted at 2100 hours, earning Commander Roy Davenport a Navy Cross. Post-war studies could not confirm this success, however. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 German troops withdrew across the Lower Rhine near Arnhem, the Netherlands. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 A German V-2 rocket hit Ingworth 14 miles north of Norwich, England, United Kingdom, slightly injuring 2 people and causing damage to 20 houses and 1 school. This rocket was the 28th rocket to hit the Norwich region, and was to be the last of the current rocket campaign against Norwich. None of the 28 rockets targeted at this area killed anyone, and property damage was relatively light. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 Athens, Greece was liberated by Resistance forces who were supported by British glider-landed reinforcements. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 USS Croaker sank a Japanese merchant ship with 3 of 3 torpedoes fired. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 The first B-29 bombers of the US 73rd Bomb Wing (VH) arrived at Isley Field on Saipan, Mariana Islands. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 USS Ray sank Japanese cargo ship Toko Maru in the South China Sea, hitting her with 2 of 4 torpedoes fired. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 Colonel Rudolf von Margona-Redwitz, head of German military intelligence in Vienna (Abwehrstelle Wien) until Apr 1944, was sentenced to death and executed in connection with the July Plot against Adolf Hitler. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 Robert Cole of No. 3 Squadron RAF, flying a Tempest V fighter, shot down a Me 262 jet fighter which was escorting bombers of German Kampfgeschwader 51. This was the first victory of a jet aircraft by a Tempest fighter. The German pilot, Unteroffizier Edmond Delatowski, bailed out and survived. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 USS Marcus Island departed Manus, Admiralty Islands with Task Group 77.4. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 The docks at Boulogne, France were reopened, thus helping the Allied supply crisis to the armies north of the Seine River, which up to now had been reliant on Dieppe and Ostend whose combined capacity was only about 10,000 tons daily. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 American "Buffalo Soldiers" broke through the Gothic Line in northern Italy. The 92nd Infantry Division was the only black unit (with white officers) to see combat in Europe, going into action in Italy after the capture of Rome. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 Latvian capital Riga was captured by the Soviets, ending any hope of a breakout by Army Group North. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 The German 485 Mobile Artillery Detachment, responsible for launching V-2 rockets, began their move from Friesland to the Hague in the Netherlands. On the same day, Adolf Hitler ordered that London, England, United Kingdom was to be the only target for V-2 rockets in Britain; attacks on other continental cities such as Antwerp were to continue. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 USS Miami operated off Okinawa, Japan. After dark, she shot down a Japanese aircraft and assisted in the downing of another. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 USS Sea Robin transited the Panama Canal. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 USS Franklin launched strikes against Tainan, Taiwan. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 VT-44 squadron TBM aircraft from USS Langley attacked Kagi Airfield in Kagi (now Chiayi), Taiwan. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 Aircraft from USS Wasp attacked the Okayama Airfield north of Takao (now Kaohsiung), Taiwan. Nearby targets of opportunity such as the seaplane base at Toko Bay (now Dapeng Bay), the naval port at Toshien (now Zuoying), and the Japanese Army airfield at present-day Kaohsiung International Airport were also attacked. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 US Navy carrier aircraft attacked the Japanese Navy base at Mako (now Makung), Pescadores Islands in the Taiwan Strait. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 Aircraft from USS Hancock attacked the Karenko Airfield in Karenko (now Hualien) in eastern Taiwan; nearly Japan Aluminum Company and Toho Metallury Company industrial facilities were also damaged. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 VT-18 squadron aircraft from USS Intrepid attacked Shinchiku Airfield in Shinchiku (now Hsinchu) in northern Taiwan. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 VT-18 squadron aircraft from USS Intrepid attacked the Rising Sun Petroleum Company facilities in Tamsui and the military seaplane base immediately next to Rising Sun facilities in northern Taiwan. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 Carrier aircraft from USS Bunker Hill attacked Matsuyama Airfield in Taihoku (now Taipei), Taiwan. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 Carrier aircraft from USS Bunker Hill attacked Shinchiku Airfield in Shinchiku (now Hsinchu), Taiwan. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 Carrier aircraft from USS Lexington attacked Shoka Airfield in Shoka (now Changhua), Taiwan. 
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12 Oct 1944 WW2 Bulgarian troops captured Leskovac, Yugoslavia. Elsehwere in Yogoslavia, Soviet 4th Guards Mechanized Corps began advancing toward Belgrade from the bridgeheads at Velika Plana and Palanka. 
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12 Oct 1945 WW2 A typhoon in Okinawa, Japan killed a number of US troops. 
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12 Oct 1945 WW2 Mason was decommissioned from service. 
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12 Oct 1945 WW2 Bogdan Kobulov, Vasilii Chernyshev, and Victor Abakumov signed a joint letter requesting Hans Fritzsche and Erich Raeder to be transferred from Moscow, Russia to Berlin, Germany. 
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12 Oct 1945 WW2 Dwight Eisenhower visited George Patton at the headquarters of the US 15th Army. Patton noted that by this time Eisenhower was much more a politician than a general. 
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12 Oct 1945 WW2 Anton Dostler was sentenced to death in Rome, Italy. 
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12 Oct 1946 WW2 Joseph Stilwell passed away from stomach cancer at the Presidio of San Francisco military base in San Francisco, California, United States. 
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12 Oct 1949 RELIGIOUS American missionary and martyr Jim Elliot wrote in his journal: 'For my generation I must have the oracles of God in fresh terms.'
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12 Oct 1971 RELIGIOUS The rock musical "Jesus Christ, Superstar" debuted on Broadway. (Twenty years later, the actor who played the part of Jesus, Jeff Fenholt became a born-again Christian.)
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