Science on the year of 1884 in history

Science

Date	Type	Text
30 Nov 1883 J. H. van 't Hoff	science	J. H. van 't Hoff (chemistry) J. H. van 't Hoff proposes the Arrhenius equation for the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant, and therefore, rate of a chemical reaction.
30 Nov 1883 Hermann Emil Fischer	science	Hermann Emil Fischer (chemistry) Hermann Emil Fischer proposes structure of purine, a key structure in many biomolecules, which he later synthesized in 1898. Also begins work on the chemistry of glucose and related sugars.
30 Nov 1883 Gottlob Frege	science	Gottlob Frege (mathematics) Gottlob Frege publishes Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik ("The Foundations of Arithmetic") presenting a theory of logicism.
30 Nov 1883 Edwin Abbott Abbott	science	Edwin Abbott Abbott (mathematics) Edwin Abbott Abbott (as "A Square") publishes Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions, a mathematical novella.
30 Nov 1883 Takaki Kanehiro	science	Takaki Kanehiro (medicine) Dr Takaki Kanehiro of the Imperial Japanese Navy conducts a controlled experiment demonstrating that deficient diet is the cause of beriberi, but mistakenly concludes that sufficient protein alone would prevent it.
30 Nov 1883 Robert Koch	science	Robert Koch (medicine) Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler formulate Koch's postulates on the causal relationship between microbes and diseases. Loeffler also discovers the causative organism for diphtheria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
30 Nov 1883 Ophthalmologist	science	Ophthalmologist (medicine) Ophthalmologist Karl Koller announces his use of a local anesthetic (cocaine) in surgery; Jellinek also demonstrates cocaine's effects as an anesthetic on the respiratory system.
30 Nov 1883 Friedrich Schultze	science	Friedrich Schultze (medicine) Friedrich Schultze first describes the disorder that will become known as Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.
30 Nov 1883 brain function	science	brain function (medicine) Among the papers on brain function published by Vladimir Bekhterev is a study on the formation of the human conception of space.
30 Nov 1883 Ludwig Boltzmann	science	Ludwig Boltzmann (physics) Ludwig Boltzmann derives the Stefan–Boltzmann law on blackbody radiant flux from thermodynamic principles.
30 Nov 1883 Charles Renard	science	Charles Renard (technology) Charles Renard and Arthur Constantin Krebs make a fully controllable free-flight in French Army airship La France with an electric motor.
30 Nov 1883 Sophie Bryant	science	Sophie Bryant (other s) Sophie Bryant becomes the first woman in England to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Science, by the University of London. Also in this year, she is the first woman to publish a paper with the London Mathematical Society.
30 Nov 1883 Sofia Kovalevskaya	science	Sofia Kovalevskaya (other s) Sofia Kovalevskaya is appointed "Professor Extraordinarius" in mathematics at Stockholm University and becomes the editor of Acta Mathematica.
30 Nov 1883 Copley Medal	science	Copley Medal (awards) Copley Medal: Carl Ludwig
30 Nov 1883 Wollaston Medal	science	Wollaston Medal (awards) Wollaston Medal for Geology: Albert Jean Gaudry
06 Jan 1884 Gregor Mendel	science	death Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel (born 1822), Silesian geneticist.
26 Jan 1884 Edward Sapir	science	birth Edward Sapir Edward Sapir (died 1939), Pomeranian-born anthropological linguist.
05 Feb 1884 Black American patent	science	Black American patent In 1884, black American inventor Willis Johnson of Cincinnati, Ohio, was issued a U.S. patent for an "Egg Beater" (No. 292,821). It was designed so that eggs, batter and similar ingredients used by bakers or confectioners could be mixed intimately efficiently. The image shows a top view, with one cylinder and hopper attached, with suitable mixing paddles (not seen in diagram) contained therein which are rotated by a shaft attached to a pulley and a hand crank. A second cylinder can be attached to the other end of the shaft so that production may be doubled.
23 Feb 1884 Casimir Funk	science	birth Casimir Funk Born 23 Feb 1884; died 20 Nov 1967 at age 83. Polish-American biochemist who coined the term “vitamine.” In 1912, as had previously been proposed by Sir Frederick Hopkins, Funk pusued the idea that diseases such as beriberi, scurvy, rickets and pellagra were caused by lack of vital substances in the diet. His investigation of Christiaan Eijkman's anti-beriberi factor had shown that it was an amine (an organic substance wih molecules containing the -NH2 amine group). Funk assumed (though incorrectly) that all similar substances were also amines, and he named such factors vitamines ("life-amines"). When later it was discovered that not all the factors were amines, the spelling of the word was changed to "vitamin." Funk isolated nicotinic acid from rice polishing, later used against pellagra by Warburgh and Elvehjem.
12 Apr 1884 Otto Meyerhof	science	birth Otto Meyerhof Born 12 Apr 1884; died 6 Oct 1951 at age 67. Otto Fritz Meyerhof was a German biochemist and corecipient, with Archibald V. Hill, of the 1922 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for research on the chemical reactions of metabolism in muscle. In 1940 he emigrated to America. Meyerhof demonstrated that the production of lactic acid in muscle tissue, formed as a result of glycogen breakdown, was effected without the consumption of oxygen (i.e., anaerobically). The lactic acid was reconverted to glycogen through oxidation by molecular oxygen, during muscle rest. This line of research was continued by Gustav Embden and Carl and Gerty Cori who worked out in greater detail the steps by which glycogen is converted to lactic acid - the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
10 May 1884 Charles-Adolphe Wurtz	science	death Charles-Adolphe Wurtz Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (born 1817), Alsatian French chemist.
12 May 1884 Robert Angus Smith	science	death Robert Angus Smith Robert Angus Smith (born 1817), British atmospheric chemist.
13 May 1884 Cyrus McCormick	science	death Cyrus McCormick Cyrus McCormick (born 1809), American inventor.
16 May 1884 Angelo Moriondo	science	Angelo Moriondo (technology) Angelo Moriondo of Turin is granted a patent for an espresso machine.
02 Jul 1884 Alfons Maria Jakob	science	birth Alfons Maria Jakob Alfons Maria Jakob (died 1931), German neuropathologist
18 Jul 1884 Ferdinand von Hochstetter	science	death Ferdinand von Hochstetter Ferdinand von Hochstetter (born 1829), German geologist.
20 Jul 1884 Caesar Hawkins	science	death Caesar Hawkins Sir Caesar Hawkins (born 1798), English surgeon.
05 Aug 1884 Ludwik Hirszfeld	science	birth Ludwik Hirszfeld Ludwik Hirszfeld (died 1954), Polish microbiologist and serologist.
15 Aug 1884 Julius Cohnheim	science	death Julius Cohnheim Died 15 Aug 1884 at age 45 (born 20 Jul 1839). Julius Friedrich Cohnheim was a German pioneer of experimental pathology who helped determine the morbid changes that occur in animal tissue affected by inflammation, tuberculosis, and other disease states. He demonstrated that inflammation was an active dynamic process. He was the first to scientifically classify tumors the way we still do today (ex. carcinomas, fibroma, sarcoma). Cohnheim proposed the first great theory of cancer's origin, the theory of embryonal rests. He thought more germ cells are produced with a developing embryo than are needed to form any given part and that cancer's development involves this excess material.
31 Aug 1884 George Sarton	science	birth George Sarton George Sarton (died 1956), Flemish historian of science.
24 Sep 1884 Smeaton's Tower	science	Smeaton's Tower (other s) Smeaton's Tower opened to the public on Plymouth Hoe as a monument to the history of civil engineering.
01 Oct 1884 Hiram Maxim	science	Hiram Maxim (technology) Hiram Maxim first demonstrates the Maxim gun, the first self-powered machine gun.
01 Oct 1884 International Meridian Conference	science	International Meridian Conference (other s) International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian.
11 Oct 1884 Friedrich Bergius	science	birth Friedrich Bergius Born 11 Oct 1884; died 30 Mar 1949 at age 64. Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius was a German chemist who invented a process to convert coal dust and hydrogen directly into gasoline and lubricating oils without isolating intermediate products (Stuttgart, 25 Jun 1921). Bergius succeeded, during distillation of coal, in forcing hydrogen under high pressure to combine chemically with the coal, transforming more carbon from the coal into oils than is possible with conventional distillation. To solve heat distribution and temperature regulation problems, Bergius invented treating a mixture of pulverized coal in oil with the gas under high pressure. For his work in developing the chemical high pressure hydrogenation method necessary for this process he shared the 1931 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Carl Bosch of Germany.
13 Oct 1884 Greenwich prime meridian	science	Greenwich prime meridian In 1884, Greenwich was adopted as the universal meridian. At the behest of the U.S. President, 41 delegates from 25 nations met in Washington, DC, for the International Meridian Conference. At the Conference several important principles were established: a single world meridian passing through the principal Transit Instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich; that all longitude would be calculated both east and west from this meridian up to 180°; a universal day; and studies of the decimal system to the division of time and space. Resolution 2, fixing the Meridian at Greenwich was passed 22-1 (San Domingo voted against, France & Brazil abstained). Greenwich lies on the River Thames, a few miles from central London.
14 Oct 1884 Eastman patent	science	Eastman patent In 1884, the first U.S. patent for transparent paper-strip photographic film on a temporary paper backing was issued to George Eastman of Rochester, N.Y. (No. 306,594). The film consisted of a layer of paper and a coating of insoluble sensitized gelatin emulsion, separated by a layer of soluble gelatin to enable separation after developing the exposed film. He invented this film in Feb 1884 and applied for the patent the next month. It was flexible, could be wrapped compactly on a roller and used within a roll-holder instead of the glass plate photographic materials then in use. It offered greater convenience, less weight and freedom from breakage. He began commercial manufacturing of the product on 26 Mar 1885
14 Oct 1884 George Eastman	science	George Eastman (chemistry) George Eastman is granted his first patents for photographic roll film in the United States.
08 Nov 1884 Hermann Rorschach	science	birth Hermann Rorschach Hermann Rorschach (died 1922), Swiss psychiatrist.
11 Nov 1884 Alfred Brehm	science	death Alfred Brehm Alfred Brehm (born 1829), German zoologist.
16 Nov 1884 Rudolf Pintner	science	birth Rudolf Pintner Born 16 Nov 1884; died 7 Nov 1942 at age 57. English-American psychologist who combined interests in mental measurements and education of people with disabilities. His performance assessment measures supplied half of the items of the World War I Army Beta Test. He directed many surveys in his field and wrote a number of scientific works. A Scale of Performance Tests (1917) by Rudolf Pintner and Donald G. Paterson, introduced the Pintner-Paterson Performance Test, the first test of nonverbal intelligence. It was intended as a "supplemental" test to the 1908 Binet battery (which they criticized as unwarrantably favorable to the verbal aspects of individual intelligence). They insisted that there was more than one aspect of intelligence and more than one way of measuring it.
25 Nov 1884 Hermann Kolbe	science	death Hermann Kolbe Hermann Kolbe (born 1818), German chemist.

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Science on the year of 1884 in history

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